FUNCTIONS The integumentary system is essential to the body's homeostasis, or ability to maintain the internal balance of its functions regardless of outside conditions. The system works to protect underlying tissues and organs from infections and injury. It also prevents the loss of body fluids. Receiving about one-third of the blood pumped from the heart every minute, the skin and its glands help maintain normal body temperature. The system also acts as a mini-excretory system, secreting salts, water, and wastes in the form of sweat.
These include anaerobic conditions (such as rotting carcasses or canned food), warmth, and mild alkalinity. The photo shows the bacillus shape of the bacterium C. botulinum. After germination, clostridial spores release neurotoxins. There are 7 antigenic types of neurotoxins, classified as A through G. Typically, different neurotoxin types affect different species. Only a few nanograms of these toxins can cause severe illness.
Tissues to tattoos Amanda Quade The reason that some parts of our bodies have simple squamous epithelium is that it is used as a filtration device in our body. The kidneys have simple squamous epithelium and so do our lungs. (Thompson, 2013) The reason that some parts of our bodies have stratified squamous epithelium is that it is water resistant. It serves as a protectant. In one area of the body, it is used to line the esophagus to protect it from stomach acid.
The chemical properties of chlorine dioxide as biocide make it an effective bleaching agent which has a broad range of applications in the textile, paper and pulp industries (Tristel, 2010). The cleaning capability of chlorine dioxide helps it to use in the food industry for washing fruits and vegetable, meat and meat products and also for sanitizing the food equipments (Tristel, 2010). Chlorine dioxide acts as an important chemical particularly in the water and medical industries. According to the research report given by the John’s Hopkins Hospital shows that chlorine dioxide is very effective and is the best way to control, eradicate and to remove the species of Legionella species in the portable water systems alongside eliminating the biofilm and other pathogenic bacteria. They used chlorine dioxide for water systems which acts as a strong oxidant and killed bacteria by damaging the different cellular processes (Bova, Sharpe and Keane, 2004).
Water filters from the blood through the kidneys. Urine is also formed through the kidneys (helps remove wastes). When blood enters the kidney from the renal artery, it moves into the glomerulus, where filtration occurs. This is where water and dissolved particles are pulled out of the blood, resulting in a filtrate, which is then collected by the Bowman’s capsule. The nephron itself will then restore the vital nutrients and water back into the blood, while retaining the waste products the needs to eliminate, through the proximal and distal tubules.
Basophils are not well understood, but they function in allergic reactions. They release histamine; which causes blood vessels to leak and attracts white blood cells and heparin; which prevents clotting in the infected area so that the white blood cells can reach the bacteria. Monocytes
The role of microbes in human health and disease Key terms: Specific | It’s only matched by one other thing | Neutrophils | They are quick and respond to inflammation. They engulf and digest bacterial pathogens | Macrophages | They engulf and digest ‘debris’ | Complement proteins | They make pathogen membranes porous | Lymphocytes | Receptor binding sites | Susceptibility | Lack of resistance or vulnerability to disease | Resistance | The ability to ward off disease through the various defence mechanisms | Eosinophils | A white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin | Phagocytes | A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles | Basophil | A basophilic white blood cell | Normal flora is the bacteria which are found on our body on a semi- permanent basis without causing disease. Normal flora is especially important in the large intestine. They are also found in the nose, mouth, on skin and down the throat. The roles of normal flora are to produce compounds which kill other bacteria.
Jewelry has small crevices that can hold microorganisms. Sweat, dead skin, and dirt can combine with the warm semi-moist skin and harbor under the jewelry and cause bacterial growth. The removal of jewelry and watches will enable thorough washing of hands of wrists. While removing jewelry look around the sink area and make sure there is adequate liquid soap and paper towels within reach. One important thing to remember when preparing to properly wash your hands is try to avoid contact with the sink with your hands or clothing.
The hypothalamus is the processing centre in the brain that controls body temperature. It does this by triggering changes to effectors, such as sweat glands and muscles controlling body hair. Heat stroke can happen when the body becomes too hot; and hypothermia when the body becomes too cold. Temperature control Temperature control is the process of keeping the body at a constant temperature of 37°C. Sweat is made up mostly of water but also contains minerals, urea, lactic acid, ammonia and sugar.
Sty is an infection involving a hair follicle on the eyelid, usually by staphylococci. It can become a chalazion an oil gland fully blocked. This can cause vision impairment. Symptoms of a sty include: Red swollen pimple (bump) Gritty, scratchy sensation Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Tearing of eye Tenderness of the eyelid Treatments for sty include: Warm compresses to eye Drain on its own Antibiotic creams Lanced or drain the infection If the sty infection is not treated it can lead to vision impairment or even loss. It can be spread to the other eye.