They found that there was a high inter-rater reliability which showed that the diagnosis of phobia is reliable. However they only looked at social phobias and didn’t consider any specific phobias therefore it cannot be generalised meaning that it is low in external validity. Also they only used interviews which means there are issues with self-report data. Social desirability bias could also occur as the participants may act in a certain way to make themselves look better even though it’s not necessarily their true behaviour. The other way of examining reliability is through test re-test, which is
Throughout history, there seem to have been numerous instances where mistakes led to significant discoveries. some even go on to say that mistakes are the only way of achieving progress. while I partially agree with the statement based on certain historical incidents, to say that discovery or progress is achieved solely through mistakes would be a gross exaggeration as many progresses are brought about not by mistakes, but by knowledge and determination. Granted, mistakes can present important clues to solving a problem or leading to great discoveries that may have been inconceivable on one's own. this is because accidental mistakes can lead one to think outside the box instead of staying trapped by the self-imposed limitations.
These side effects may affect one person but not another. This would be hard to study as you can not say it is exactly one thing, and then you would have to look at the extraneous variables which affect each problem. However, this could also be good as it is not really being reductionist in its own approach; it is looking at all the possible individual differences. If choosing a different approach, like cognitive, then it would still be difficult because you do not know what the person is thinking. You would have to rely on the patient giving you the information for it not is socially desirable or have demand characteristics.
The authors did determine that the substance abusing individuals did not have a proper way of coping with their anger and determined that this was problematic; hence the need for the Forgiveness Therapy. The authors did determine that the lack of anger management skills and the previous used skills were inadequate and triggered further negative emotions such as depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and violence. In the article the authors did move from topic to topic and not just from one citation to another; the authors did rely on sound research in the field but did not overly rely on it to make their point. The authors were able to ascertain that individuals in the past have tried to rely on the techniques they have used in the past to avoid relapse, but these have remained to fail them in the end. Individual substance abuse clients have benefitted from the forgiveness therapy, the research shows.
In Newman’s study some possible issues that could have emerged were confidentiality, No harm, Deception and analysis and reporting. Confidentiality could have been an issue because she can identify persons given responses but not to do so publicly. She can ruin someone’s life if someone found out that it was there response. And by that happening she would cross another ethical issue called no-harm. Deception is often used but it is not supposed to be.
While admitting to being bad, and perhaps even having committed evil acts, they generally reject the label of “evil” as understood in essentialist terms. Wilson, Keith M, Jennifer L Huff. “Scaling Satan.” Journal of Psychology 135.3 (2001). Academic Search Premier. 2 April 2013.
In different situations some defendants are able to argue that they suffered from irresistible impulse, which means that they understood what they did, was wrong but couldn’t stop themselves from committing the act. Many defendants can plead not guilty based on irresistible impulse. The M’Naghten case brought the M’Naghten rule into affect. The M’Naghten rule determined if the defendant
3. Not all ethical dilemmas have a right decision involved. Further assistance to the sadhu by any of the individuals on the slope could also have resulted in their injury or death. One has to sometimes employ normative ethical theories like Utilitarianism, Kantianism, etc. The moral value of an action lies in its consequences and so in difficult situations the action should serve the greater good or benefit the majority.
Nicole Brouwer 2nd hour Honors English Don’t Judge a Book by its Cover “The discovery of truth is prevented more effectively, not by the false appearance things present and which mislead into error, not directly by weakness of the reasoning powers, but by preconceived opinion, by prejudice.” -Arthur Schopenhauer Stereotyping, superstitions, and being prejudice are all components that lead to misjudging others. Many myths have been associated with different ethnic groups, and it leads to ethnic segregation. An understanding about other cultures may help decrease the negativity and overcomes prejudice. What does being prejudice mean? Why do societies leap at the chance to judge others?
There is a debate amongst social scientist (researchers) as to the merits and superiority of either quantitative or qualitative research over the other. The following will examine logic and philosophies underlying these methodologies and why one would tend to chose a particular method. However, “in the end” I find myself in agreement with William Trochim (2003). “My sense is that there are some fundamental differences, but that they lie primarily at the level of assumptions about research (epistemological and ontological assumptions) rather than at the level of the data.” And what is data? Factual information, especially information organized for analysis or used to reason or make decisions and values derived from scientific experiments (The American Heritage Dictionary, 2000).