The issue of giving mental health patient rights is a rather controversial one, as often the right of the patient to refuse certain treatment or care may result in serious health consequences for the patient and can be seen as neglect of the healthcare provider. According to researchers and healthcare providers, when a mental health patient is admitted to a healthcare facility, he/she may lose certain abilities, most notably: * The ability to schedule time; * The ability to choose and control his/her activities; * Ability to manage financial and legal affairs; * Ability to make important decisions (Cady, 2010, p. 117). The abilities, mentioned above, are important for decision making and may result in serious health consequences for the patient, so leading health professionals and researchers distinguish between the forms of mental disorders and the extentto which they affect people, differentiating between competent and incompetent patients. According to Buchanan (2004), legal competence requires the following capacities, most notably: * To reason and deliberate; * Hold appropriate goals and values; * Appreciate one’s circumstances; * Understand
The purpose of this classification is to make communication between professionals clearer and to ensure the correct treatment is chosen, allowing a better understanding in the mental disorder. The validity of schizophrenia may also be put into question, as there may be cultural/language barriers involved. In addition to this, some signs of schizophrenia are also associated with illnesses such as depression for example, hallucinations and delusions. Similarly, some of the subtypes of schizophrenia are very vague for example, “undifferentiated schizophrenia” a classification for those symptoms, which are not classifiable under any of the other subtypes.Therefore this also proves problems for the diagnosis of schizophrenia as someone with schizophrenia may be seen as having depression and vice versa therefore the wrong medicine administered will not improve the diagnosis. This can be dealt with by having multiple doctors making a diagnosis e.g.
Perhaps Rosenhan was being too hard on psychiatric hospitals, especially when it is important for them to play safe in their diagnosis of abnormality because there is always an outcry when a patient is let out of psychiatric care and gets into trouble. If you were to go to the doctors complaining of stomach aches how would you expect to be treated? Doctors and psychiatrists are more likely to make a type two error (that is, more likely to call a healthy person sick) than a type one error (that is, diagnosing a sick person as healthy) When Rosenhan did his study the psychiatric classification in use was DSM-II. However, since then a new classification has been introduced which was to address itself largely to the whole problem of unreliability - especially unclear criteria. It is argued that
A problem of the diagnosis of schizophrenia known as co-morbidity this is when the symptoms of schizophrenia overlap with many other disorders, such as, depression and bipolar disorder. This is a problem because the patient may be misdiagnosed and given the wrong type of treatment which will not cure the symptoms they have and may cause another type of illness. This can be solved by multiple diagnosis this will also improve the inter rater reliability. Reliability is the extent in to which two or more medical specialists have consistent results in their diagnosis. The validity externally is very difficult as there are cultural barriers, as psychiatrists from different cultures interpret symptoms differently resulting in people being diagnosed schizophrenia in one culture but not in another.
Difficulties in measuring health It is always important to quote the source of the data, when referring to statistics and should be treated with caution. Moreover, they should be collected from official sources may not offer an accurate picture of patterns of health and illness. For instance, some people may visit the doctor even though they may not be very ill, and on the other hand some people who are actually ill may not visit the doctors. There are the same symptoms for different diagnosis, so therefore doctors may give a different diagnosis than what you actually have. Ken Browne (2006) provided a useful framework to explain this problem.
A null hypothesis is the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specific populations, where observed differences are due to errors. The Hardy-Weinberg Theory is a null hypothesis and that is what we tested in this experiment. The only time a null hypothesis can be accepted or rejected but cannot be proven. It may be quantified as true, but it cannot be proven. The reason for this is because in tests like these observed differences are usually due to chance differences in sampling.
Part I Different Therapeutic Approaches Listed below are the therapeutic approaches that can be taken in treating a client if the specialist in question assumes them. The client in question needs assistance for the extreme fear that prevents this person from functioning normally in relation to the opposite sex. Psychoanalyst As a psychoanalyst the expert will work on a number of assumptions like that this problem emanates from the clients unconscious thoughts and the fear that he portrays is as a result of hidden problems. In addition, the expert will assume that there concerns that were not addressed in the course of the growing of the client and that treatment will involve facing and dealing with these issues. The expert will let the client relax completely and give revelations of what he went through during his upbringing and what he dreams about.
This is because they would enable a decision about whether clinical intervention may be needed Furthermore a weakness of ideal mental health is mental illnesses cannot be defined in the same way as physical illnesses. A physical illness will have physical causes e.g. virus or bacterial infection which are easy to diagnose. However
The person’s patterns of thinking and behaviour differ from the expectations in society and they interfere with the persons normal functioning. Examples of this are paranoid personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder. Anxiety disorders – People with anxiety disorders respond to certain objects or situations with fear and dread. This can be mild or severe. The person may suffer with responses that are un appropriate in certain situations as well as the usual signs (rapid heartbeat, sweating and nervousness.
SAFEQUARDING Identify signs and symptoms of the different types of abuse. Indicators are the signs and symptoms that draw attention to the fact that something is wrong. The presence of one or more indicators doesn’t confirm abuse. However, a cluster of several indicators may reveal a potential for abuse and a need for further assessment. Lists of indicators are not exhaustive and to be used carefully and sensitively in the assessment of vulnerability and risk.