If this fails, a pancrelipase and sodium bicarbonate solution may be instilled in order to "digest" the clog. Metabolic complications: Metabolic complications of enteral nutrition are similar to those that occur during PN, although the incidence and severity may be less. Careful monitoring can minimize or prevent metabolic complications. Refeeding syndrome: Refeeding of severely malnourished patients may result in "refeeding syndrome" in which there are acute decreases in circulating levels of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate. The sequel of refeeding syndrome adversely affect nearly every organ system and include cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure, acute respiratory failure, coma, paralysis, nephropathy, and liver dysfunction.
Phosphate: Increase due to reduced excretion in urine. Blood Urea Nitrogen: Increase indicates inability to excrete urea; suggest renal dysfunction. Creatinine: Increase indicates inability to excrete Creatinine; suggests renal dysfunction. Albumin: Decrease indicates loss of protein into urine. pH: Decrease indicates acidosis Urinalysis: Protein: Significant increase due to loss in urine: suggest renal dysfunction.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Acute Exacerbation Introduction There are currently over 900,000 people in England who have been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is currently the only major disease whose incidence and prevalence is predicted to rise over the next twenty years. This rise is expected to occur because COPD is a long latency disease whose symptoms become apparent many years after the first exposure to the causative agent, which means the majority of people affected are either middle aged or elderly. However, studies by Soriano et al (2000) suggest that COPD is under diagnosed in general practice and the true prevalence could be as high as 1.5-3million (National Institute of Clinical
So the number of persons with Alzheimer’s disease in the US population will continue to increase unless new discoveries facilitate prevention of the disease. These estimates of a substantial increase in Alzheimer’s disease prevalence assume that the age-, race-, and education-specific risk of disease will remain constant over the next 50 years. The large public health challenge is to make these projections obsolete and irrelevant by discovering routes to prevention of the illness through better understanding of its underlying biology and by discovery of modifiable risk factors. Living with Alzheimer’s disease has become a heart breaking reality for our aging population. References: 1.
Even moderate elevation of arterial blood pressure leads to a shortened life expectancy” (Gary F. Milechman, 2009). Some of the causes could be from diet, genetics or age. Another reason could be due to a lack of kidney function. When the kidneys are not functioning properly, fluid builds up
3. First-pass elimination by the liver is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver and reduced levels of microsomal enzymes. 4. Intramuscular absorption
1. Analyze the Hemoglobin (hgb, hb), Hematocrit (hct) and Red Blood Cell Count (RBC’s) together. There are 3 basic reasons for anemia: (1) Blood is not being made (decreased erythropoetin secondary to chronic renal failure, poor nutrition, aplastic anemia, or bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy) (2) Blood is being lost (hemorrhage or bleeding from somewhere) or (3) Blood is being destroyed (some infections cause RBC lysis, transfusion reaction, Sickle cell crisis). Nursing Diagnoses 1. For erythrocytosis (increased RBC count): Risk for injury related to increased clotting ability of blood.
B. Causes and Risk Factors There are several different kinds of erythrocytosis, and each has its own set of causes and risk factors. Relative Polycythemia. Some patients appear to have an excess of RBCs due to a loss of volume in the liquid portion of the blood, the plasma. This may be due to dehydration, diuretics (substances causing an increased loss of water through the urine, such as caffeine), burns, stress, and high blood pressure.
Annotated Bibliography By Tracy Garrett English 122 Professor Pearson Annotated Bibliography Annotated Bibliography Tracy Pp.1 Childhood Obesity: “A Serious Problem” CBS Worldwide Inc. of May 2002 17 Nov 2008 (http://64233.169.104/Search?q=cache:Rvhed1EFD80J:www.cbsnews.com/stories.2002/05/01/ Health/main507774.Shtmitdiseases+caused+by+childhood+obesitydhl=en&cd+14q1=457 Childhood obesity results in many health problems. These health problems are causing health care costs of hospitals to rise. Therefore, not only is obesity dangerous but becoming very expensive. Statistics are given a decade old to ponder on how much the health care costs of childhood obesity has risen and will even more likely to be implemented. Convincing people that both childhood obesity and health
Rapidly escalating health care costs are crushing family, business, and government budgets. Employer-sponsored health insurance premiums have doubled in the last 9 years, a rate 3 times faster than cumulative wage increases. This forces families to sit around the kitchen table to make impossible choices between paying rent or paying health premiums. Given all that we spend on health care, American families should not be presented with that choice. The United States spent approximately $2.2 trillion on health care in 2007, or $7,421 per person – nearly twice the average of other developed nations.