‘The time is ripe for a unification of Psychoanalytical concepts with those of Ethology’ J Bowlby 1953 Bowlby’s theory begins with the idea that we are all born with innate drives, this comes from the Darwinist theory that all characteristics have survival value, Bowlby would consider attachment to be one of these characteristics. Part of these innate drives is the idea that we are all born with social releasers, Social releasers promote attachment between the child and it’s primary care giver (P.C.G). A releaser such as crying elicits care giving from others nearby. The person who responds most sensitively to the child’s releasers will become the P.C.G. The relationship between child and P.C.G becomes the most important in the child’s life.
Child decides it is fruitless to rely upon others to meet his attachment needs and attempts to meet them himself, gets lost in his own world & avoids emotional connection. | Lacks engagement and tends to be physically & emotionally distant in relationships. More comfortable with distance & separateness and may appear self-centred & unresponsive to other people’s needs. | Insecure Ambivalent | Mum responds unpredictably, insensitive to child’s signals. Child tends to be clingy, anxious and fearful, never knowing what to expect.
P. An application of attachment theory to the study of child abuse. [Ph.D. dissertation], California School of Professional Psychology; 1979 [3] Main, M.; & Hesse, E. Parents’ Unresolved traumatic Experiences are Related to Infant Disorganized Attachment Status: Is Frightened and/or Frightening Parental Behaviour the Linking Mechanism? In Greenberg, M.T. ; Cicchetti, D.; & Cummings, M. [Eds.]
25-26) Psychologists are particularly attracted to the bond that develops between a child and their primary carer as strong and secure attachments are generally formed in the first two years of life. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are the people most responsible for Attachment Theory. Bowlby devised the basic principles of attachment theory and these remain the dominant opinion in psychology today. The following may be considered as the four main areas of his theory. 1) Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis; 2) The Evolutionary Basis of Attachment; 3) Social Releasers and Instinctive Parenting Responses; and 4) Internal Working Models.
However, before Mary Ainsworth arrived in London (about 2 years previously) Bowlby employed James Robertson. The reason for this appointment was that Robertson had gained some expertise in the observation of children who were separated from their parents or caregivers. Apart from James Robertson and eventually Mary Ainsworth (Strange Situation),there were other contributors to Bowlbys’ now famous three papers: ‘The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother’(1958), ‘Separation Anxiety’ (1959), and ‘Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood’ (1960) - Mary Boston, Dina Rosenbluth and Rudolph Schaffer are just some of the ‘other contributors’. Below I have listed my own interpretation of Bowlby’s four key components of attachment. Safe Haven: If the child feels under threat or is fearful of a situation, he or she can return to the safety and reassurance of the caregiver.
Running Head: DETAIL REVIEW OF COERCION THEORY A Detail review of coercion theory of conduct disorder: Reinforcement of aversive behavior and reciprocal relationships In its most basic form, coercion theory (Patterson, 1982; Patterson, Reid, & Dishion, 1992; Reid, Patterson, & Snyder, 2002) is a model of the behavioral contingencies that explain how parents and children mutually “train” each other to behave in ways that increase the probability that children will develop aggressive behavior problems and that parents’ control over these aversive behaviors will decrease. These interchanges are characterized by parental demands for compliance, the child’s refusal to comply and his or her escalating complaints, and finally the parent’s capitulation. In this paper, coercion theory will be further reviewed in its two main divisions—the reinforcement of aversive behavior; and the reciprocal relationships of social interaction. Classical methodology supporting this theory, their limitations, and the recent research addressing these limitations will then be discussed. Reinforcement of aversive behavior According to Patterson and Snyder (2002), the basic paradigm involves negative reinforcement and may also involve positive reinforcement.
This essay will discuss the historical significance of the family in relation to the issue, as well briefly examine the impact of gender. According to Perry & Perry (2009), the family as a social institution is identifiable in almost every society ever documented. Families contribute to ones identity (Perry & Perry, 2009), particularly parents, who greatly influence their children. Parental behaviour will affect how a child relates to others in both positive and negative ways, as in the case of bullying. Parson understood this when he developed the theory known as Primary Socialisation, which indicated that the fundamental role of the family was to mould the character of the offspring (Van Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos & Holborn, 2010).
Therefore these styles remain with us into adulthood effecting how we make and maintain relationships. Bowlby dedicated wide-ranging research to the concept of Attachment describing it as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (Bowlby, 1969, 194). He believed that attachment had an evolutionary element, is hard wired and instinctual: “The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature" (Bowlby, 1988, 3). Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment: 1. Proximity Maintenance - The
A second most important concept in Bowlby’s theory was the idea of monotrophy a single attachment to one person who is most important to the baby. Bowlby did not deny that babies formed a lot of attachment, but he believed for every infant, one relationship is more important than the rest on the top of the hierarchy. This has been one of his most controversial claims. As per to Schaffer and Emerson (1964) babies first attachment mostly (65%) be their mother and only 3% take their father as first attachment and 27% take both mother and father equally. He argued the first attachment between their baby and their caregiver the child with an internal working model or template for their future relationship.
Parenting styles effect on raising children Liberty University Human Growth and development COUN502 Katherine Niebuhr Abstract Parenting styles have been under the microscope for years. The author places the four major parenting styles, Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive and Uninvolved under this microscope to determine if parenting styles have a significant influence on juvenile delinquency. The major parenting styles are also contrasted with the biblical standards for parenting and how biblical foundations influence parenting styles. Parenting styles and their effect on raising children The first time that Randall was arrested, his parents cried all night long as they wondered what they did wrong. Randall was raised in a good home, his parents had a great marriage, both of whom worked and provided for the family.