2.2 What happens in the cephalic stage? Firstly, food is taken into the mouth and then broken down into smaller pieces by ‘mechanical digestion’ (or the using the teeth to break down food). Saliva in the mouth is produced due to the neural reponses which come about from the stimulus of the eyes, head, smell etc. An enzyme in the saliva called amylase begins the chemical digestion by breaking down ‘complex carbohydrates into simple sugars’. When the food is ready to be swallowed, the food is now called a soft mass called a ‘bolus’.
CheckPoint: Human Digestion I am describing, the path food follows through the digestive system and how digestion occurs in each of the following parts of the digestive system. I am including in the description of other organs or components of the digestive system, including: * Large intestine * Mouth * Small intestine * Stomach After the food enters the mouth and after being moistens and chewed by the teeth, the food then converts into a Bolus. Bolus as mentioned refers to the softened mass of munched on food that passes through the digestive system. The bolus then exits the mouth and progresses into the pharynx. The bolus then moves down into the esophagus, which follows to the stomach.
Instead, the acids work to break down the food for easier digestion in the intestines. As the food is broken down to a thick paste-like substance known as chyme, it moves past the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine. The first section of the small intestine, the duodenum, secretes digestive enzymes like amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase, lipase and pepsin, to break down the chyme into even smaller parts that the body can then convert into usable energy. Some other organs that secrete chemicals to aid in the digestion process include the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder. The pancreas secretes trypsin and chymotripsin.
These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the fundus and in the body of the stomach. The Chief cell know as a zymogenic cell or peptic cell is located in the stomach that
The small intestine is the principal site of digestion and absorption. Enzymes from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself combine to break down nutrients so that they can be absorbed. The pancreas supplies enzymes to digest proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The live produces bile required for emulsification of fat, and the gallbladder stores the bile until it is needed. The absorption of nutrients in the small intestine is facilitated by tiny projections called villi, which provide more surface area for absorption.
The mouth receives food and begins digestion by mechanically reducing the size of the solid particles and mixing them with saliva. Pharynx – The pharynx is in both the respiratory system and digestive system. The pharynx is a muscular tube, at the back of your throat when the nose and mouth join. This serves as a passageway for food and air. The tube being so muscular helps an individual with swallowing.
In the exogenous path the Epithelial, cell lining also known as the small intestines, readily takes in lipids from the food. These lipids including phospholipids, cholesterol and triglycerides, merge with apolipoprotein B-48. In their circulation via the lymphatic vessels, the nascent chylomicrons pass the liver circulation and draining through the thoracic duct and into the bloodstream follows. In the bloodstream, High Density Lipid particles donate apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein C-II to the nascent chylomicron that is now mature. Through apolipoprotein C-II, the mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
After this the food is taken down a long tube, called the oesophagus, which takes the food from the mouth to the stomach. The movement of the food is helped by waves of contraction of the muscle surrounding the oesophagus, this is called peristalsis. Once the food enters the stomach a ring of muscle at the exit called the pyloric sphincter contracts and prevents the food from leaving. For the next two to three hours churning movements of the stomach produce further physical breakdown of food. The only chemical digestion that takes place in the stomach is the breakdown of proteins, which is from the meat in the
It coats the chewed food and transforms it into what is called a bolus. An enzyme called amylase found in the saliva breaks down the carbohydrates in the bolus into simpler sugars. By breaking down the food, the bolus becomes mushy, slippery and easy to swallow. The tongue also plays a big role in helping digest food in the mouth. It helps taste, transport and swallow food.
Help individuals to eat and drink Have a look at a care plan. Write down the important parts that are related to eating and drinking. Give an example of the nutritional requirements for the client. How do you identify the level of help a client needs to eat/drink? Give 2 examples of such support.