Valved Horns In The Romantic Era

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The invention of the valves on the already utilized natural horn opened the flood gates for progression and expansion in orchestral and compositional uses for the horn. Composers and conductors alike wanted to utilize the horn to its maximum capability but because of the required stopping on the horn to achieve chromatic tones projection was always a problem. With the invention of the valves, horns were able to play lower with greater projection, intonation and ease with modulations because of the added ‘crooks’ being attached to the instrument entirely. The push made in technology with contributions from many inventors ultimately created the modern design and advancements in horn playing today as well as solidified the importance of the horn in the orchestra. The natural horn had a highly developed hand-stopping technique by the late eighteenth century, the horn was still the favorite solo instrument of the period, even though the natural horn had multiple problems when it came to be used melodically. Due to the natural horn needing to have stopped and open notes in combination while playing melody lines, this made the horn very inconsistent in a tonal sense. Also, because the horn could only be tuned in one key at this time, crook changes were needed to modulate effectively as well as large gaps in the lower range because of the horns harmonic series. These problems could be surpassed by composers in the orchestra by crooking in multiple keys but these restricting qualities sparked the need for invention and experimentation. “Attempts were made by several people to produce a chromatic scale by means other than hand-stopping. Some of these people consist of: Ferdinand Kobel (ca. 1700-178?) who added keys and perforated the bell of the horn, Charles Clagget combined two horns pitched one half step apart into one instrument by a valve as well as a mouth piece

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