This choice does, however, affect how individual shareholders’ accounts are reported in the balance sheet. Formally retiring shares restores the balances in both the common stock account and paid-in capital - excess of par to how those balances would have looked if the shares never had been issued. Any net increase in assets produced from the sale and ensuing repurchase is reflected as Paid-in capital—share repurchase. On the other hand, any net decrease in assets resulting from the sale and subsequent repurchase is repeated as a subtraction of retained earnings. Inversely, when a share repurchase is seen as treasury stock, the cost of the treasury stock is naturally disclosed as a decrease in total shareholders’ equity.
The total value of the levered firm exceeds the value of the firm without leverage due to the present value of the tax savings from debt: V^L = V^U + PV(interest tax shield) 4. when a firm’s marginal tax rate is constant, and there are no personal taxes, the present value of the interest tax shield from permanent debt equals the tax rate times the value of the debt, τcD. 5. The firm’s pretax WACC measures the required return to the firm’s investors. Its effective after-tax WACC, or simply the WACC, measure the cost to the firm after including the benefit of the interest tax shield. Page 484 has formulas!!
1. Outright purchase of Smith stock a) Yes, Mr. Jones should purchase the stock of Smith outright, leaving Smithon intact as purchasing the stock of Smith co. is the simple and reasonable transaction where he can also minimize the cost of administrative matters. While issuing debt in his Johnson Services Co. to pay for the Smith Company there can arise debt issue for Johnson co if the cash flow of the company is insufficient in making such purchase to buy Smith co stock. b) Converting C corp to S corp has taxation benefit as C corp faces double taxation. Here, converting Smithon to S corp can give an advantage of having a control of limited or small number of shareholders.
Disclosure in notes to financial statements only IV. Choice: A V. Justification: Equity: Stockholder’s equity represents ownership in a company or a company’s net financial assets (assets less liabilities). Stock options represent the privilege to purchase ownership in the company. Option (B) shows this right to ownership in the notes to the financial statements but does not portray how it truly affects the company’s equity. Option (A) provides a clearer picture on how the stock options affect the company’s equity through the balance sheet.
Without Section 351, a sole proprietorship or a partnership would have difficulty adopting the corporate form of organization for legal and/or tax purposes because the transfer of appreciated property would constitute a taxable transaction in a recognized gain. The deferral of gain or loss under Section 351 can be justified because the assets have merely been transferred to a corporation that is controlled by the transferors. Section 351 also prevents the recognition of losses on transfers of property that has declined in value. Question 14-20 What tax years are available to corporations? How do the options differ from other forms of business organizations?
The more recent costs are matched against current revenues. c. There will be a deferral of income tax. d. A company's future reported earnings will not be affected substantially by future price declines. 82. Which of the following is true regarding the use of LIFO for inventory valuation?
One tax rate makes for easy computation by the Internal Revenue Service and straightforward payments from taxpayers (Meehan). Because the flat tax taxes only one income, it is easier to understand and to report. Taxpayers save the financial cost of complying with current IRS regulations, which often includes lawyers, accountants and other resources (Meehan). The flat tax remains a popular idea in part because it eliminates double taxation (Meehan). It removes the section of the tax code that is biased against the formation of capital (Meehan).
only the portion of the loss attributable to inventory sold during the period is recorded in the financial statements. B. the market value figure for ending inventory is substituted for cost and the loss is buried in cost of goods sold C. a loss is recorded directly in the inventory account by crediting inventory and debiting loss on inventory decline. D. there is a direct reduction in the selling price of the product that results in a loss being recorded on the income statement prior to the sale. 15) Designated market value A. may sometimes exceed net realizable value. B. should always be equal to net realizable value less a normal profit margin.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Issuing Preferred Stock vs. Bonds Stock is a share of ownership in a company, sold by the company to its investors. “A bond is a form of an interest-bearing note…..requires periodic interest payments with the face amount to be repaid at the maturity date.” Both stock and bonds come in different classes: common and preferred stock, convertible, term, serial, callable and debenture bonds. Preferred stock, as defined by the Financial Accounting textbook, is “one or more classes of stock with various preference rights such as a preference to dividends.” Dividends are “distributions of a corporation’s earnings to stockholders.” These dividend rights are shown as a dollar amount per share or a percentage of par (Warren/Reeve/Duchac, 2012). There are several advantages and disadvantages to issuing preferred stock. A couple of the advantages to preferred stock are fixed rate of dividends and no voting rights.
The company pays cash upon conversion, and the delivers shares based on a conversion price from that day is calculated on a proportionate basis each day of trading in the relevant conversion period. (b) How can small no-name company issue debt at 2.5% when Coca Cola has to pay 4.25%? A small company can issues loans that rank below other debts, such as convertible senior subordinate notes. If the issuer happens to go bankrupt and looses its assets, then as a subordinate debt the convertible subordinate note will be repaid after other debt securities have been paid. As with all debt securities, however, the note will be repaid before stock.