Italy was not a democracy in 1896 so the right to vote was held only by the rich due to the parliament being dominated by wealthy landowners, businessmen and professional classes; this resulted in the masses having no say in the Italian government and suggested a low level of equality which consequently led to mass levels of unrest. Evidence of this is where riots occurred on a widespread, regular basis; over 100 protestors were killed in a clash with the army in Milan, 1898 over increased food prices. This level of crisis was most present in the less advanced and more agricultural based South as opposed to the wealthy, rapidly developing North of Italy. This divide was further developed when the new Italian government abolished internal tariffs by creating free trade that did, theoretically create some level of economic unity but was crippling for the small
This resulted in overcrowding, and as a result the minimal police force couldn't cope with such a rapid influx of people in such a short time. A police force was needed. There were several key changes between 1750 and 1900. Two centuries of trade and industrial growth meant that Britain was now a wealthy country. In the 1790s, income tax was first introduced to help fund a war against France.
To what extent was the Russian economy transformed in the period of 1881-1914 Russia’s economy in 1881 was in a rather detrimental state, they seemed to be so many years behind the rest of the European superpowers, especially in terms of industrial progress. A famous historian Murphy referred to Russia as the “most economically underdeveloped superpower.” Many reforms were attempted to improve the economic state of Russia, but just how successful were they? In this essay I am going to be writing from the point of view that Russia economy was changed, however there are some flaws in this statement, which I will discuss further on… Firstly, the first indication of major change for me was the reforms applying to the rural areas of Russia. At the start of this period peasants were in heavy debt and struggling to survive, agriculturally, the country wasn’t producing enough crops to supply the country with food, let alone sell for a profit. (Only 50% of Russian farms produced surplus crops.)
Wages only improved to pre-war levels after 1928 Despite glorification through propaganda, Internal labour passports Stalin - much harsher conditions - ban on strikes, internal passports, wage differentials and piece rates, tough discipline and forced labour. 12 hour working day in WW2 AGAINST Opportunities for women Bolsheviks - 8 hour working day + introduction of social insurance Kruschev ended forced labour Stalin - Stakhanovites - work hard, better working conditions, also Creches - 50% of Leningrad women by 1937 1874 - trade unions illegal Strikes - 1878-9 St.P cotton mills, then in 1896 around 30,000 refused to work Dramatic rise in number of strikes at end of Stolypin - in 1910 232 strikes in the empire, 2032 in 1912 and over 3000 in first half of 1914 EG Lena Goldfields in 1912 when 500 injured/170 killed by troops In the 1930’s, some improvement of factory conditions eg creches. Mini-judgement: More improvement, but at a price. Under the communists, thy were geared more for industrialization. Under the communists, there was more harsh impact upon working conditions.
This was due to the inefficiency of Serfdom, and by this time, roughly 60% of Serfs had been mortgaged to the government. What this essentially means is that Serfdom was already beginning to come to a natural end. As the Nobles were the Tsar’s staunchest supporters, he was forced to emancipate the Serfs to allow the Nobles to refill their coffers and get out of their debt. As well as this, with the rest of Europe beginning to make large economic progress, Russia was beginning to look inferior economically and industrially, and it was Serfdom that was holding them back, with the simplest solution to just emancipate the Serfs and allow them to become more productive. The main reason that the Serfs were inefficient was due to oppression from the Nobles, which, coupled with poor farming methods, gave inferior results
After World War One the whites (soviets) went to war with the reds (Bolsheviks and followers) and the civil war started. The reds eventually won the civil war but not because that they had more people than the whites but because the reds army was much more organised than the whites. In the end 10 million people died which was a shocking number since Lenin said there would be peace and no more war. Vladimir Lenin along with the Bolsheviks eventual turned Russia turned into a communist country.meaning that farmland was shared out between the farmers and the factories where given to the workers. All banks where natolinezed, meaning that the economy was run by the national council.
Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%. There were many causes of the Great Depression, ranging from poor spending and over production to banks failing and the stock market crashing. Paragraph 2: Due to the Roaring 20’s, people were overconfident due to the information given by bad leaders, which led to poor spending. Doc A+B: According to the business cycle, there was going to be a 5 year growth for everyone in the US. -They would all become rich and poverty would just go away (Words of President Calvin Coolidge) Doc C: John T. Raskob, a well-known economist, told people to buy more stocks and in invest in banks and you’ll become a millionaire.
After the rule of the Mongol over Russia, many of the free peasants had fallen into debt and were forced to work as laborers on the large estates owned by nobles. The Russian serfdom system expanded as more land was added to the empire. This similarity exists between these two systems of forced labors because as both the Spanish and Russian empire expanded, forced labor became necessary to maintain the empires’ economic status. The best social classes to demand labor from are the poorer social classes, in this case, the Russian peasants and Native Americans of the new world. Another similarity between Russian serfdom and the Spanish encomienda system is that both the serfs and the natives were born into their social class, thus born into the system of forced labor, although
Violence was building up in Russia but the news of Russia going to war united the people, as evident “never during the twenty years of his reign had the emperor been so popular as that moment”. A great number of Russian’s were asking the questions ‘was Russia ready for war in 1914?’ as Russia took over Austrian land and suffered heavy defeats by the Germans. There was a standing army of 1 423 000 with the large amount of peple it was nicknamed the “the Russian steamroller”. There was 3 100 000 men in the reserves and 10 million in the militia. Within a year most of the soldiers were out of it.
At the top of the society there was a Monarch, and there were Nobles and Landowners, who controlled the land. There were peasants and farmers, as well as a very large population of serfs, who were commonly born into serfdom and had no way of escaping. (Cantor, pg 70) Since 90% of the wealth of Europe lay in the land at the time, it was common for Landowners to control peasants. Since they had all control of all raw materials and tools of production, it was becoming increasingly easier for the land owners to lower wages, creating a sharp division between the rich and poor; in wealth as well as power. (Tuchman, 38) The middle or working class was very small, so they did not have much influence on society.