Shakespeare: Richard Ii, Henry Iv and Henry V

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This series of plays can be viewed as a whole divided into four movements. The publication dates of the quartos suggest that they were written in sequence giving grounds for the belief that when Shakespeare began Richard II, he had in mind the composition of a series finishing at the end of the reign of Henry V where the earlier Henry VI -- Richard III tetralogy had begun. The unity of the sequence is conveyed by the use of prophecy which gains subsequent fulfilment, retrospective analyses, a continuity of themes common to all the plays and plots which override the boundaries of individual dramas. An outstanding feature of Richard II is prophecy. This becomes apparent in the early stages of the drama when Gaunt in extremis says ‘Methinks I am a prophet new inspired’ and wishes that his father had been gifted with foresight ‘had thy grandsire with a prophet's eye’ for he would have barred Richard from the throne. Prophetic vision comes to the fore when the relationship between king and subject is closely examined. The canon of the era was the divine right of kings and the duty of subjects to an anointed king. Gaunt states the case succinctly in defining the king as ‘God's substitute/ His deputy anointed in His sight’. The subject is precluded from taking action against the king, be he ever so unjust, for as Gaunt says ‘I may never lift an angry arm against His minister’. This regal immunity is reinforced by Richard's boast ‘not all the water in the rough rude sea can wash the balm from an anointed king’. Shakespeare departs from his source material in transforming Carlisle's plea for leniency towards Richard into a statement of prophetic doom. ‘... let me prophesy The blood of English shall manure the ground .......... Lest child, child's children cry against thee woe’. Carlisle's words find an echo in Henry V when Henry pronounces ‘and some are yet
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