A diuretic provides the means of forced diuresis, which increases the rate of urination. There are many categories of diuretics, but all of them increase the excretion of water from bodies. One of the most important functions of diuretics is that they remove all of the excess water from the body. Caffeine contains Xanthines, which is a diuretic through inhibiting the reabsorption sodium ions, and increasing the glomerulus filtration rate. Water filters from the blood through the kidneys.
When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released, causing the collecting ducts to become more permeable. Therefore more water is reabsorbed and more concentrated urine is excreted. Red blood cells contain haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a globular protein, in which
Way sodium excretion affects pressure can be described as follows: if the kidney requires high pressure to excrete a given load of salt, then, at lower pressures, sodium and water are retained, and the blood volume rises. An increased blood volume returns more blood to the heart, thereby increasing cardiac output. The increased output is sensed by the peripheral vessels, which do not like increased flow and constrict in response, and auto regulation increases arterial resistance. The reverse occurs when the pressure rises: more salt and water are excreted, and that lowers blood volume, which reduces cardiac output. Sensing lesser flow, arterioles auto regulates by dilating, which reduces peripheral resistance.
Urea is formed in the liver as an end product of protein metabolism and is carried to the kidneys for excretion. Nearly all kidney diseases cause inadequate excretion of urea, elevating BUN levels in the blood. Urea production will be increased during increased protein catabolism and increased protein digestion or decrease in glomerular filtration rate.Serum urea is measured by enzymatic method.In this method, urea is hydrolyzed enzymatically by urease to yield ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia thus produced is converted to glutamate in a reaction catalyzed by L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH).The reaction monitored by measureing the rate of decrease in absorbace at 340nm, due to NADH is oxidized to NAD
Causes of Urinary Tract Infection Writers Name Name, Section No Instructor’s Name Date Urinary Tract Infections; Overview A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra. These are the structures that urine passes through before being eliminated from the body. The kidneys are a pair of small organs that lie on either side of the spine at about waist level. They have several important functions in the body, including removing waste and excess water from the blood and eliminating them as urine. These functions make them important in the regulation of blood pressure.
Adequate urine volume b. Free-flow from kidneys through urinary meatus c. Complete bladder emptying d. Normal acidity of urine e. Peristaltic activity of ureters and competent ureterovesical junction f. Increased intravesicular pressure preventing reflux g. In males, antibacterial effect of zinc in prostatic fluid Pathophysiology 1. Pathogens which have colonized urethra, vagina, or perineal area enter urinary tract by ascending mucous membranes of perineal area into lower urinary tract 2. Bacteria can ascend from bladder to infect the kidneys 3. Classifications of infections a. Lower urinary tract infections: urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis b.
The two forms of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Either form of dialysis presents with advantages and disadvantages. Hemodialysis is the process of removing toxins and excess fluid from the blood and tissues by continually circulating your blood through a filter. The filter, known as a dialyzer (artificial kidney), is used with an artificial kidney machine. The amount of blood circulating through the artificial kidney at any given time is less than a cup.
Smaller solutes and fluid pass through the membrane, but the membrane blocks the passage of larger substances (for example, red blood cells, large proteins). This replicates the filtering process that takes place in the kidneys, when the blood enters the kidneys and the larger substances are separated from the smaller ones in the glomerulus. a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane. In this lab, one will observe the properties of diffusion and osmosis and model the data one receives on a standard curve. With knowledge of water potentials, one can chart the gains and losses of water to find the molarity of a specific solution.
Even though it is more prone in women, male incontinence also occurs and is primarily caused in response to blockage in the prostate or after prostate surgery. To better understand urinary stress incontinence, it is important to understand the vital organs that are in the urinary system, such as: two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and the urethra. The urinary system is responsible in helping the body get rid of wastes and excess water in the form of urine, which is a vital part of maintaining homeostasis within the body. The urinary organs also help transport the urine, or store it and released until it is time for one to micturate. The kidneys are responsible for filtering and cleaning the body’s blood of wastes and remove
It is affected by various factor like secretion from glands, content and amount of secretion etc., affect the drug transport through this route. This route consist only 0.1% of total skin surface. ii) Transcellular route :- Drug transport through this route passes from corneocytes which has highly hydrated keratin making hydrophilic pathway. This corneocytes are surrounded by lipid connecting these cells. So a drug requires a number of partitioning and diffusion step.