Explain why Castlereagh opposed harsh treatment of France at the Congress of Vienna (12) Castlereagh, the foreign secretary in the Liverpool government, played the role of conciliator at the Congress of Vienna. His main objective was to maintain a peaceful relationship with France so that trade could continue after being disrupted by the Napoleonic war; he did this through the introduction of the congress system in which the idea of balancing power between the powers was put forward. Firstly, Castlereagh wanted lasting peace not only with France but with the other powers. However, his main concern lay with France as too much violence towards them may have caused revenge attacks. They achieved this by penalizing France with indemnities; however, they didn’t embitter France to want to fight for revenge.
At Plombieres meeting of 1858 Cavour and Napoleon III agreed to work together which the agreement was Nice and Savoy are going to belong to France(so there would be no complete unification) and fought the war of 1859 against Austria. France also help weekend Austrian power and turn a blind eye when Cavour moved Piedmont’s troops through the Papal States in order to head off Garibaldi. However France has been a positive factor too. Napoleon signed a secret treaty with Bismarck prime minister of Prussia in 1866 that in the Austrian-Prussian war France would remain neutral but at the end of the conflict France would receive Venetia if Austria was defeated. In addition Napoleon with great diplomatic skills made sure that Venitia would be ceded to France even if Austria won and then passed on to Italy.
1) Evaluate the ways in which the different approaches to Enlightenment held by France, Britain, and America impacted their own societies. Thesis: The extreme and different approach of to Enlightenment of the French alienated it from the British and Americans, and also led to the destruction of the country. Both America and Britain had a moderate reform, while the French had an extreme upheaval that led to its ruin. All three Enlightenments were based on the same concepts of reason, liberty and justice. Britain built their Enlightenment on ‘social virtues’, not reason.
Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe This response paper is about the Congress of Vienna and the Concert of Europe and the efforts to maintain peace in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars, the roles of conservative ideas in promoting the restoration of traditional order, the ideas that conservatives promote to reach this end, the response of liberals to the restoration, ideas and agendas that liberals promote in politics and economics. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 consisted mainly of four great powers at first, Austria, Russia, Prussia and Great Britain(they’re referred to as powers), the so called “quadruple Alliance,”1 which came together in Vienna Austria to make sure France and basically any other part of Europe couldn’t be in a position to dominate Europe in the future. But the Congress’ main goals were to bring an end to Napoleons wars and restore peace in Europe. The four powers that met at the Congress of Vienna finally gave the defeated power, France, a generous settlement of the war. They occupied France until 1818 when France paid them and gave back the land they had secured from the wars.
The Emperor did this to secure the Pragmatic Sanction that his daughter would be the heir to his throne. Maria Theresa, Charles VI’s daughter and heir to the leadership of Austria, was not the country’s and allies’ first choice to take over the throne. When it finally came time for her to take over Austria became weak and other countries, including those previously in alliance, began to take advantage of this weakness. The peace was broken by the King of Prussia who wanted Selisia. There was a domino effect after this initially desire:Bavaria wanted Bohemia lands, the King of France sought the Austrian Netherlands, and the Spanish longed for the Austrian territories in Italy.
In Defense of Emperor Bonaparte Sirs, I stand before you today in defense of the former Emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, whose reign of France for over two centuries liberated her from a nation full of chaos and internal strife during the Revolution; to a nation of strength and stability, now capable of forging a place for itself in international affairs. Through the Napoleonic Code which he established, citizens gained the equality of their basic rights which they rebelled for during the Revolution. This not only restored harmony, order, and unity to France, but simplified the legal system that was previously in place. France was strengthened both economically and politically in numerous ways by Emperor Bonaparte, such as when he restored the relations with the Catholic Church by signing the Concordat with Pope Pius VII. An added economic benefit came to France by this political move of Napoleon’s when the Church restored to France property that previously belonged to them which the Church had seized during the Revolution.
How far was the old order restored by the decisions taken at the Congress of Vienna in 1815? While there were forces of continuity present in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, some forces of change evolved. The Napoleonic Wars left Europe in chaos, but also catalyzed the spread of new ideologies. The Congress of Vienna was an international conference held in 1814–15 to agree upon the settlement of Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. The decisions made restored the rule of legitimate rulers as well as autocratic government, and restored some territories to their pre-Napoleon frontiers.
Creating a balance of power among powerful nations of Europe, reinstating conservative regimes, containing France and reaching an agreement to cooperate with each other were the goals of the congress which illustrated the attitude of the national representatives present and supported the overall purpose of preventing future widespread conflict. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA The Congress of Vienna took place with the major aim of stopping the war. The people were trying to relate in order to stop war and for the states to gain more powers. The Napoleonic wars that had destabilized Europe drove nations to search for peace; national representatives from both small and great powers shared at least a common goal, search for peace despite the national interests. This is reflected in the minutes during the negotiations at Chatillon of 7th February 1814: Caula ‘’ M. de Caulaincourt.—If I yield to your proposal, will it bring us to a conclusion and stop the war?....
In 1858, Cavour and Napoleon III met at Plombieres. They agreed that the price of the French help was the return of Nice and Savoy to France. It is argued that Napoleon helped Piedmont because he wanted to substitute French influence for Austrian influence in Italy. In 1859, French armies, together with Piedmontese, defeated Austrians in Lombardy. Although France did not help Piedmont to take Venetia later, France did help Piedmont to unify Lombardy as stated in the Treaty of Villafranca of 1859.
Prussia meekly complied with the status quo, and indeed supported it in the start as the rulers of the states needed nationalism gone to maintain their thrones. Despite this, as time went on, there were signs of growing Prussian power. Prussia became a focal point for nationalist feeling for Germany when she abolished serfdom, improved education, and created a mass army after her humiliating defeats by France in 1806 that pushed her to improve her economy and military. She then used this army to fight France in the “War for Liberation”,