The fact that Austria had influenced Italy so much before the revolutions contributed hugely to the failure of the revoltutions. After the Vienna conference in 1815 Austria was granted a lot of power in Italy, this gave them an incentive to stop the revolutions as their authority would be threatened and they would lose out on a lot of things like trade. Mettinich, the chancellor of Italy said that ‘Italian affairs do not exist’ which shows his determination to stopping Italian nationalists. An example of Austrians intervention was in Naples where after being asked for help from Ferdinand I, Mettinich sent Austrian troops in to restore order. Similarly, in Piedmont in 1821, where Charles Felix declared Charles Albert (the temporary monarch of Piedmont) a rebel and so exiled him to Tuscany and then appealed to Mettinich for help.
Explain why Fouquet was dismissed from office at the start of Louis XIV’s personal rule in 1661 When Louis XIV took over the throne from his mother Anne of Austria and 1st Minister Mazarin, Nicolas Fouquet, Nobel of the Robe, was superintendent for the finances and after Mazarin’s death, expected to be the new 1st minister. He fell out of favour with the king, and Louis had him imprisoned from 1661 until his death in 1680. There are several reasons behind Fouquet’s downfall. One of the reasons was that Fouquet was considered corrupt. When Louis came to power, he became convinced that Fouquet was attempting to become the new Mazarin.
On the contrary, the marriage would safeguard England as any heir Mary and Philip may have produced would have inherited the Netherlands and England. This could potentially become a secure and substantial empire; therefore at this point in time, Spain was an ally to England. However, Spain was soon to become much less of an ally to England, demonstrated by Philip’s actions soon after their marriage. He only visited England in 1556, when he wanted England to join Spain in war with France in 1557. Spain had already defeated France when England captured St Quentin and the war soon led to England losing its last foothold in Europe - Calais.
Although, the development of change already faced opposition from right-winged supporters, including rich landowners who feared social changes that the Republic would try to implement. Under Generals Sanjurjo, Franco and Mola, the Spanish Civil War began as a military coup, which was aimed to put an end to the democratic political change that was seen in 1931. As seen in Italy with Mussolini in 1922 and with Hitler in Germany in 1933, one could argue that the rise of fascism subsequently kick started the demand of a takeover in Spain. But, we have to bear in mind the bad timing of 1931 to implement such a change, with the worldwide economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash in America, and the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, there was now fear throughout Europe of communism and revolution. Although at the beginning of the rebellion, the three main generals were not actually all in Spain.
Charles’ administration changed in many ways after the election. He became absent in Spain to tend to matters in the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands which forced him to place regents such as Adrian of Utrecht in Spain and his brother Ferdinand in the Holy Roman Empire. Ultimately, this led to the Comuneros Revolt in 1521-22 and a period of social unrest in Spain. The demands of the Comuneros stated that they wanted Charles to change the way in which he ruled Spain and shows the extent of the impact that the election had on Spain. Interestingly, one of the demands is that “no woman can succeed to the throne in this kingdom” .
Metternich, desiring to contain France, successfully unites Europe through the conservative Congress of Vienna. Its intent lies on suppressing potential revolutions in order to maintain peace. Wilson, wanting to contain Germany, allies with France in an attempt to seek peace with Germany without victory. Utilizing Metternich’s intervention principles, the Congress of Vienna successfully maintains conservative order and peace for a while until the Great War. As the first attempt of a multinational peace process, nothing is truly accomplished until Napoleon’s Hundred Days following his bold escape from Elba.
If Germany had not given Austria the blank cheque or the military backing in the first place Austria would have to have accepted Serbia’s amended ultimatum, but because Germany had pledged their undying support Austria was able to declare war on Serbia thus also dragging a precarious network of alliances with it. By 1900 Austrians were losing their grip on their multi ethnic empire. In response to the Serbians attempt to reduce Austro-Hungarian, Austria-Hungary adopted an aggressive foreign policy in order to reestablish its reign over the empire and crush Serbia’s aspirations. A now determined Austria Hungary continually provoked Serbia by addressing the Eastern Question
After the French Revolution though, the republic slowly began shifting to a totalitarian regime, first under the Committee of Public Safety and then completely under Napoleon Bonaparte .The facts show that the American Revolution was more successful in establishing a stable and long-lasting republican government that started a precedent for Europe, while the French Revolution’s republic failed to last, being turned into a totalitarian regime. Events leading up to the American and French Revolutions occurred for a similar reason: unfair representation. The people in the American colonies became progressively upset with Britain and its Parliament when they refused the colonists’ representation, while still imposing many different taxes on the colonists. Upset over this tax on one of their most valued imports, the colonists dumped all the tea into the Boston Harbor during the Boston Tea Party. This showed that the colonists were willing, and able, to live without depending on the British government.
In the decade leading up to the war, there was a competition between the European powers to outdo each other’s military. If one country brother up their military, the others would build their’s up even more. It also resulted more trade among the allies and America. Because of all of the different cultures between the border, Austria-Hungary was at risk of Nationalism. In the “Year of Revolution” many of the countries that made up the European empire rose up against the Habsburgs, Germany, and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led unification of Italy in 1861, and Germany in 1871.
Also Austria-Hungary’s king and family visited Sarajevo- Bosnia was assassinated by conspirator Gavrilo Princip Austria striked back in revenge. But the most important came from countries distrust for one another because it led the Great powers of Europe-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia signed treaties pledging to defend one another. These alliances were intended to promote peace by promoting powerful combinations that no one would dare to attack. But 2 huge alliances emerged in the end. France longed to avenge its defeat in Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck signed treaties with other powered thinking they wouldn’t attack Germany alone.