The reward/need satisfaction theory of relationship proposed by Byrne & Clore (1970) asserts that if a relationship is seen to offer the prospect of reward (for either party), it is more likely to form – if there is little or no perceived reward, the relationship does not form. Their model is based on the behaviourist principles of operant and classical conditioning. According to the former, behaviour that results in a beneficial outcome makes repetition of this behaviour more likely, whereas if the outcome is undesirable, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated or continued. A relationship that brings perceived advantages is a case of positive reinforcement but the relationship can also be characterised by negative reinforcement if the
Other things equal they prefer to pay more for stocks that are more risky and have uncertain cash flows. • Investors are risk averse. Other things equal they prefer to pay more for stocks that are less risky and that have relatively certain cash flows than other stocks. When determining the value of a firm, which of the following statements is ture? • A financial asset is considered to have value if it has the ability to generate positive cash flows.
The concept of Locus of control which was made by Rotter in 1966 refers to individual differences in people’s beliefs and expectations about what controls events in their lives. There are two extremes: internal locus which is the belief that what happens is largely under one’s own control (associated with the belief that one can control much of one’s life and succeed in stressful or difficult situations). The other extreme is external locus which is the belief that what happens to one is controlled by external factors such as luck and fate (associated with the tendency to face stressful situations with a more passive and fatalistic attitude). There are a few studies that have looked at the relationship between locus of control and independent versus obedient behaviour. Holland in 1967 investigated this relationship when he ran various variations of Milgram’s procedure.
Having Fun With Operational Definitions Adapted from teachpsychscience.org Directions: Identify and operationally define the independent and dependent variables in each of the following research ideas. Research Idea #1: A social psychologist was interested in whether people are more likely to exhibit conformity when they are in situations that make them feel nervous and unsure of themselves. What is the independent variable? How would you define it operationally? What is the dependent variable?
Describe the four major theories of personality (psychodynamic, trait or five-factor model, humanistic, and social-cognitive) and identify advantages and disadvantages of each theory. The psychodynamic theory of personality revolves around Sigmund Freud’s findings. He believed that the mental processes of the brain were unconscious and that people had three levels of awareness; the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. The unconscious, being the most important, contains thoughts, feelings, memories, and desires that have influence over the day-to-day aspects of people’s lives without them being aware of it. The personalities of people were also split into three sections; the Id, Ego, and Superego.
A person may change his or her attitudes and behaviors when around social groups in order to feel accepted even if they don’t particularly believe in the group behaviors. In order to feel accepted in society we change our attitudes and behaviors to better fit into that of the social norm. With each different group come different behaviors so that rejection does not happen. The more people we have around the more pressure and influence is put upon us to change our behaviors. This can have both positive and negative effects however.
We would be in a better standing position if we can take advantage of the knowledge how our psychological immune system works, identify what kind of happiness we want to experience, and recognize that we cannot be always happy. By knowing when and how we trigger the psychological immune system, we will be able to make the
Analysis what sense can you make of the situation Conclusion what else could you have done? Action Plan if it arose again what would you do? 2. Why is reflective practice important? Answer Reflective practice is important as it enables you to achieve a better understanding of yourself, your skills, competencies, knowledge and professional practice.
Where thinkers value the principles and rules, feelers consider the people affected by the situation. J or P: Structuring This dimension refers to whether the preference is for being adaptable by keeping open to perceiving new information or getting organized and making quicker decisions. When a person follows explanations open-mindedly, for example, Perception (adaptability) is preferred. On the other hand, if one’s mind is rather quickly made up as to agreement or disagreement, then Judging (organization) is
The thing that has a higher sociability, takes charge, and talks a lot is called extraversion. The thing where people have curiosity that is smart, and prefers to be around novelty, and a lot of different things is called openness. And finally the thing that refers to helping people, works well with others, and understands other people’s problems is called agreeableness. The second factor that influences individual characteristics and traits in humans is called the social investment theory. This theory basically takes a stand in the nature versus nurture position and chooses nurture.