The FFA criterion is likely to result in different diagnosis when applied to people from different cultures, because the standard of one culture being used to measure another. Individual Differences is another limitation. Another difficulty with applying this definition is that some psychological disorders may not prevent a person from functioning adequately. People can maintain adequate function in the face of clinical depression or anxiety. Conversely, those who cannot hold down a job and support a family may not have a psychological disorder but may suffer due to difficult economic conditions.
Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues Individual rights are those principles that are held by a single person rather than an entire group. The rights of individuals can be mandated by the law, provided by social means, or gained through self-determination. These rights are generally associated with the concept of nature essentially; each person is born with rights that cannot be disenfranchised by the group. According to political scientists, individual rights can either be negative or positive. This means that a negative right allows the person to not act on a certain principle, while a positive right means that a person may act in a certain capacity if he or she wants.
Discuss two errors in attribution Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behaviour. The attribution theory relates to the concept that people try to make sense of their surroundings on the basis of what they think is the cause and what the effect of the situation. There are two attributions. When people attribute cause of other people’s behaviour to their internal characteristics, they make a dispositional attribution. The term disposition refers to somebody’s beliefs, attitudes, and personality.
Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. [1][page needed] Ethnocentric individuals judge other groups relative to their own ethnic group or culture, especially with concern for language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity. [2] Ethnocentrism may be overt or subtle, and while it is considered a natural proclivity of human psychology, it has developed a generally negative connotation. [3] Origins of the concept and its studyEdit The term ethnocentrism was created by William G. Sumner, upon observing the tendency for people to differentiate between the in-group and others.
It’s said that personality traits are not the only factors that control an individual’s behavior; situations are important as well. Some situations will make a person more or less shy, open, careful or friendly, and more or less dominate this is because situations are varied according to the people who are present and implicit rules that apply (Prince & Bouafford. 1974: Wagerman & Funder, 2007. Funder pg 118) The dominate and the submissive for individual differences has zero value for a trait only a continuum at measuring how people differ from one another. The trait approach assumes that people are their traits, yet dominate and submissive shows that people are unpredictable and it’s all conditional on what is going on at the time of the situation.
Personality 3/18/08 Chapter 14  A person’s characteristic patterns of _behaving_______ _thinking__________ and _feeling______________  Attempts to explain __consistencies___________________- in an individual’s behavior across _time_________ & __situations_______________; basis to compare & contrast people  “Who you are is what you do.” Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself… Major Views of Personality  Psychoanalytic view  Personality is a result of unconscious conflicts w/in a person’s mind.  Neo-Freudian view  May vary widely by theorist, disagree w/ some of the basic principles of the psychoanalytic view put forth by Freud.  Learning view  Personality is a result of learning from environmental consequences (sometimes cognitive factors are added in)  Humanistic view  Personality is a result of striving towards growth & achievement)  Trait view- Personality is determined by inborn traits. Psychoanalytic Perspective _Sigmund Freud_____________  Physician; his work with _hysteric_____________- patients formed the basis for psychoanalysis  First experimented with _Hypnosis______________- and then began having his patients __talk____________ through their problems. – Oddly they began to get better…..  Called this new type of therapy _talking therapy ____________ or the __talking cure________________  Psychoanalysis: Freud’s theory, & his therapy for treating psychological disorders that involves procedures such as ___dream__________ analysis, hypnosis, & ___free association ___________________  Psychoanalytic theory is criticized for not being testable using scientific methods Freud’s Levels of Consciousness  __Conscious________________ –
Labelling theory was developed during the 1950s/60s and is closely related to interactionist and social construction theories. It is essentially based upon the reaction of societal groups to certain behaviors that are carried out. Such societal groups view these types of behaviour as deviating from or violating social norms in some way and therefore attach a label to it. The negative labels enforced on the individuals who carry out this behaviour may change how they see themselves, influence how they act, and in turn may lead to deviant behaviour being carried. According to Holdaway, S. (1988, p.44) “labelling is a process, not a direct, causal force”.
Culture can be defined as that set of values and beliefs, norms and customs, and rules and codes that socially define groups of people. Cultures differ in some fundamental ways: Basic philosophical differences about religion and the nature of the universe contribute to a culture’s overall worldview. Also in terms of locus of control: Control cultures believe in an internal locus of control; they feel that people control their own destinies; "Don’t let anything stand in your way" might be a motto.
Defining Abnormality Defining Abnormality Psychology has many challenges when defining and classifying normal and abnormal behavior because of cultural differences, gender or sexual preferences, and age of the person. A psychologist or doctor should be aware that these three factors and others can and do have an effect on defining a behavior as normal or abnormal. Behavior should be carefully classified as well because one of these factors could make a behavior seem difference and thus make the behavior be defined or classified wrongly. Culture To most it may seem easy to identify normal and abnormal behavior because people live in societies where the culture is the “norm” of everyday life. The fact is that normal and abnormal behavior is different between cultures and this difference makes it challenging to classify what exactly is normal and abnormal.
Plus Vroom's 'Concept of Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy' (Vroom, 1964) based upon process theory which emphasises the role of the individuals cognitive processes in determining his/her level of motivation. Herzberg's and Vroom's theories do share similarities such as the agreed acceptance of the concept of self-actualisation and a shared agreement upon the best method of data capture. However, in contrast deep divides appear upon issues such as wage based incentives and supervision. One area of contrasting opinions which is quite apparent within both theories is the views associated with wage based incentives in the work place. Vroom's position on the issue is that it is impossible to perform the really crucial experiment on the role of financial remuneration in the motivation to work (Vroom, 1964).