Each store encodes information in different ways, with the short-term store visually and acoustically encoding information, and the long-term store using semantic processing (giving information meaning). The multi-store model does not take into account people with brain damage or amnesia. For example, a man called KF was studied, who had brain damage. When he was asked to repeat after the researcher, he was unable to do it, (acoustic) but when he was asked to say what he could see in the picture, he was able to do it (visual). This suggests that the short-term store does not use acoustic processing, but visual.
Standardized tests are incredibly narrow when it comes to what is tested, that any diverse, in-depth or broad teachings are lost. Standardized testing uses only a small amount of questions to assume a person’s knowledge on a broad spectrum of things like: reading, math and science. Due to this, teachers become the “sage on the stage” instead of the “guide on the side”. Teachers and schools that use standardized testing do not help in student achievement. When a curriculum is based off of a test
The journal does not truly seem to provide any usefully information because it does not reveal much of the educational side of their psycho-education. It does however provide all of the information of the experiment. It shows all the results, which does not hold much meaning due to the current outcome. The information that was provided in this trail is just a more detailed description of an unsuccessful trial. The information that was found on Google and in other psychological websites gives more information about the disease and how to manage it for the individual, family, and friends.
Many of the studies that support the MSM use laboratory experiments which are known for their lack of ecological validity. Findings from the experiments tell us little about how memory works in real life situations. The case of KF showed that his STM for verbal material was poor but his STM for visual material was normal. This would suggest that the view of the STM being a single store is an oversimplification. Different types of LTM have been identified since the invention of the MSM.
Are the findings consistent with those from previous studies? There are no RCT’s only the open studies and the comparison groups from those studies were lacking. Lack of comparison conditions in these trials limits the conclusions that can be made about the efficacy of DBT for these disorders, their improvements may be due to factors unrelated to
Hitch and Baddeley found that the time taken on task 3 was significantly longer because the task involved using the same component - the central executive - making completing the task more difficult. They also found that when different components were used, such as in task 2, the performance was not affected. Recent research has found that the central executive differs between individuals and it can be easily selectively impaired by brain damage. If various functions are used it is suggested that the central
To those that agree with the theory of cognitivism, they are more concerned with the inner processes and less concerned with outward behavior. These people feel that the importance of learning how a person processes information is more important than experience. Accordingly, it can be said that ten people given the same experience, would each learn from it in very different ways. This means that each individual would develop totally disparate behaviors because each has disparate ways of thinking about things (TEXT). The theory of cognitivism was developed as a tool for the rival theory – behaviorism.
* * 2. What are at least two opinions presented by each side of the critical issue? * * Cotton and Devilly stress that Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) is not explained properly and research has proven that CISD does not give patients the results needed. * Devilly and Cotton also stated that Critical incident stress management (CISM) is also not properly explained in the treatment of traumatized individuals, which makes the process ineffective (Halgin, 2007). * Mitchell’s opinion is that Devilly and Cotton display a lack of knowledge within the text of CISM because no reference to this literature is stated by the authors.
In day to day life, we don’t spend time rehearsing information, which begs the question; does information have to pass through your short term memory store and then be rehearsed to reach your long term memory store? Furthermore, this model does not account for differences between implicit and explicit memory in the long term stage. Implicit is the ability to remember things which you may have learnt naturally, such as the names of colleagues and explicit is the ability to remember things which you have been specifically asked to learn and rehearse, such as recalling a list of information given to you. In spite of this, other psychologists, such as Peterson and Peterson,
I can use them when my data is non-normal, such as in a test for means. Nonparametric tests can also be used when the distribution is to be drawn from the data. For example, in the chi-square test for independence, I can’t use a test that relies on a particular distribution because the distribution is always different. Another advantage of a non-parametric test is that it can be used for measures such as median that don’t have any equivalent parametric test. Unlike the mean, sample medians do not fall into a normal distribution, because medians do not use all of the available information in the sample.