CHAPTER 12 SUBJECTS: The sampling units for an experiment, usually human respondents who provide measures based on the experimental manipulation BLOCKING VARIABLES: A categorical (less than interval) variable that is not manipulated like an experimental variable but is included in the statistical analysis of experiments EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION: One of the possible levels of an experimental variable manipulation MAIN EFFECT: The experimental difference in dependent variable means between the different levels of any single experimental variable INTERACTION EFFECT: Differences in dependent variable means due to a specific combination of independent variables EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT: The term referring to the way an experimental variable is
A lab experiment is different as it is in a controlled environment with control over the independent variable as well as all confounding variables, the dependent will be being measured. A experimental is usually designed so that there is a control group and experimental group/s. A change is introduced to the experimental group but not the control. The control group gives the researcher a baseline against which to judge
The independent variable is the variable that you change, which in this case is the verb. The dependent variable is the variable that you keep the same which is the mean speed estimated. The ethical issue that is involved is deception. As an experimenter I will deal with
The control group in an experiment a. fixes the level of a variable across all experimental conditions. b. is often untreated. c. receives the same level of the independent variable as the experimental group. d. refers to the manipulation of the independent variable. 3.
The third step is to test your hypothesis by experimenting and recording data to determine if the hypothesis solves the problem or not. The fourth step is to analyze data and draw a conclusion, yes, the hypothesis was correct, or no, the hypothesis was incorrect. A hypothesis is an educated guess or what you think will happen. When forming a hypothesis two hypotheses are made which are null hypothesis and a working hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that nothing will happen, no matter what happens to the independent variable, the dependent variable will not change.
In order for the experiment to be valid it would require an experimental condition and a control condition. A control condition in an experiment is a comparison condition in which participants are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. Without a control condition, you cannot be sure that the behavior you are interested in would not have occurred anyway, even without your manipulation. Subjects should be randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. If a control group doesn’t exist, then there is nothing to compare the experiment to.
Evaluate some of the research methods used in psychology In order to gather the research and finding there are a number of ways in collection data, three type to use. Laboratory method, field experiment then the natural or quasi experimental method this comes under experimental method next is the non-experimental method which consists of observation, survey method, case study method, interviews, ethnogeny, archival research and simulation and role play. Finally correlation a measurement of a relationship between two variables, the variables are controlled by the group not the experimenter, a correlation can be either positive were both variable increases and negative were one variable increases and the other decreases, in both cases this how there a link or relationship not how one variable affect another. Surveys can be used for researched this is when a questionnaire is given out to a sample of the population ,the questions used can be closed ended either yes or no which gives limited information but is the best answers for quantitative data which is all about facts and figures that’s represented in graphs and statistics, while opened ended question gives people the chance to put more of their opinions e.g. it was interesting, these question support qualitative data while is about words this gives a broader view but harder to represent in graphs.
Process theory holds that if an outcome is to be duplicated, so too must the process which originally created it, and that there are certain constant necessary conditions for the outcome to be reached. When the phrase is used in connection with human motivation, process theory attempts to explain the mechanism by which human needs changes. Some of the theories that fall in this category are expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal setting[1] In management research, process theory provides an explanation for 'how' something happens and a variance theory explains 'why'. [2] Some theorists claim that all natural processes have complex phases in which the output state of the process is not determined by the input states of the processes. The condition is defined by Robert Rosen as being "complex".
What does Paul Feyerabend’s notion of “Epistemological Anarchism” mean? Evaluate this in relation to his critique of Kuhn’s Paradigms. While Emphasizing the subjective side of science, Kuhn claimed that operating within science means existing within the restrictive confines of the dominant paradigm, which attempts to limit particular questions that can be asked, how these are asked, and how their answers are formulated into viable scientific facts that are accepted by fellow scientists. This paradigm, in turn may actually obstruct the progress of science by nature of being untranslatable to other paradigms and impede rational argument. Kuhn states that a scientist’s switch between one paradigm to the next is similar to a “gestalt switch” where neural programming is required rather than argument and persuasion.
For example, Skinnerian conditioning as a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). Motivation is a condition that energizes behavior and gives it direction. It is experienced subjectively as a conscious desire For example, the