In, addition there is an example to explain how this can be applied to someone today. The Theory of Classical Conditioning “At the most basic level the theory of classical conditioning is the pairing of a stimulus with another stimulus in order to bring about the response to the first stimulus with the presentation of the second stimulus” (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Within the theory of classical conditioning there are a few important factors, a conditional stimulus, a conditional response, a unconditional stimulus and an unconditional response. Differentiating between pre-conditioned titles and post-conditioned titles is an essential part of the breakdown of associative learning. For example, a person is in a pre-conditioned state the unconditioned stimulus draws out an unconditioned response.
The behaviourist psychologist says that all human behaviour is learnt from experience. The first scientist that I am going to be looking at is Skinner. Skinner looks at operant conditioning. Operant conditioning focuses on whether your behaviour is voluntary or involuntary. There are two key terms to Skinner’s ‘operant conditioning’ approach these are, negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement.
Why it is a good strategy to use to address phobias? Classical conditioning is a learning method that happens when two stimuli are continually paired; a response that is at first triggered by the second stimulus is eventually triggered by the first stimulus only. Operant conditioning is a behavioral theory based on the effects of consequences on behavior. They only affect future behavior. It also selects any behavior and it occurs automatically (Cooper et al, 2007).
Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences for that behavior. A famous American psychologist, B.F Skinner demonstrated an experiment with his animals. For example, Skinner placed a pigeon in a box with a disk that a pigeon can peck to receive bits of grain from a food tray. He noticed
PSY/ 390 May 05, 2014 Professor Chelsea Hansen Classical Conditioning Paper Abstract: Throughout this paper a theory of classical conditioning will be described and detailed. A selected scenario in which I the writer was able to apply a classical conditioning theory. The description of the scenario will be detailed as well as demonstrated on a chart which was prepared in order to illustrate how someone would apply a classical conditioning theory to the selected scenario. It is important to remember that classical conditioning is a technique that is used in primarily behavioral training. Usually it is when a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a responsive stimulus.
This essay will discuss what classical conditioning is and how it explains the development of phobias.. It will then attempt to describe how systematic desensitisation can be used as a method to overcome phobias. Classical conditioning involves learning the conditions which occur previous to the occurrence of particular events. Classical conditioning is learning by association. It was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov and is often called Pavlovian conditioning, (Martin, Carlson & Buskist, 2010).
Phobias are learned through elements of classical conditioning, and addictions can be learned and strengthened through elements of operant conditioning. Distinguishing between Classical and Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning, the first type of learning to be systematically studied, is defined as a procedure by which a previously neutral stimulus come to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits that response (Kowalski, 2009). Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, documented and developed the concept of classical conditioning in an experiment he conducted in which he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus, a bell, is paired with a stimulus, dog food. The dog food is a stimulus that produces a response naturally.
They believed that behaviour is learned through our environment through operant or classical conditioning and that behaviour is just a response to a stimulus. Operant conditioning is a learning method to change behaviour through reinforcement to produce the desired response. Classical conditioning requires a stimulus to trigger a response by pairing with an unconditional stimulus. Skinner and Harlow’s aims were to look into the understanding of the different influences on human behaviour. Skinner was interested in the behaviourist way of observing and measuring behaviour.
The crying and fear of the white rat occurred as soon as the steel metal bar was struck behind Albert’s head, due to being frightened. In the terms of abnormality classical conditioning can be used to explain how people with anorexia learn to associate eating with becoming overweight, which then leads to fear, so they stop eating to reduce their fear of becoming overweight. Operant Conditioning The second method, operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement. Skinner a psychologist said, behaviours that are reinforced will tend to continue, for example by praise it will increase the probability of such behaviour happening again. Whereas behaviours that are punished will end, negative reinforces the removal of an undesired or unpleasant outcome after the desired behaviour.
Whether phobia or addiction, most agree that these behaviors come about as a result of learned conditioning, such as classical and operant conditioning. Phobias and Classical Conditioning Authors Scemes, Wielenska, Savoia, and Bernik (2009) explain that one learns phobic behavior patterns through classical and operant conditioning mechanisms. Author McLeod (2008, 2012) explains that, “Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association” (Classical Conditioning Examples, para. 1). In other words, linking two stimuli produces a new learned response in the person or animal.