How significant was Mazzini in the growth of opposition to autocratic and foreign rule in Italy in the years 1831–49? (30) Mazzini was a republican nationalist who had a significant effect in the growth of anti-autocratic feeling in Italy. He had radical aims for the future of Italy and he envisioned unification. He was the first leader to indoctrinate in the minds of Italians a vision of political unification. Mazzini created the Young Italy society after the 1831 revolutions.
Analyse the methods used by one single party state leader in his successful bid for power. Throughout his regime, Mussolini used various methods to help his party and himself gain power. It should be noted that the methods utilised by Mussolini were not new ways of gaining power and that many single party state leaders in the 20th century made use of these traditional methods. That being noted, Mussolini took advantage of traditional methods such as the ideological appeal of Fascism, the societal context of Italy, and the elimination of opposition to ensure his successful bid for power. As described by Carl Friedrich, single party states are ‘crisis states.’ He believes this is so as single party states arise from periods of conflict, outcomes of wars, deep societal division or confusion.
Growth of support for fascism was a reason for Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister, however there were many other factors which played a part or at least contributed to the cause of Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister. Towards the end of 1920, the rural right in Italy fought against the PSI and the PPI, it was this reaction that gave the Squadrismo and Fascism support, feeling abandoned by the government, landowners, middleclass conservatives turned to local fascist groups. Mussolini was able to attract the support and sympathy of different sections of Italian society. He posed as the defender of private property and of social order. He organized his Fascio di Combattimento into anti-socialist 'police' that attacked socialists and burnt down socialist headquarters.
“"Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II” 18. “An attempt to provide fascism with a fully articulated theory was made by an Italian neo-Hegelian philosopher of some distinction, Giovanni Gentile, who was converted to fascism after Mussolini's coup.” 19. “But fascism equally opposed socialism, which preached class war and trade unionism and thus served only to divide the nation” 20. “Revolutionized society in such a way that the socialist critique was no longer relevant” 21. “Fascism's debts to the more extreme and fanatic elements of the nineteenth-century left wing” 22.
He had claimed that he was the brains of the unification as well as the diplomat by saying, “We ardently wish to free Italy from foreign rule…. We want to drive out the foreigners not only because we want to see our country powerful and glorious, but because we want to elevate the Italian people in intelligence and moral development.” (Document 3) Due to the Italians being so separated because it was also partially ruled by Austria, the people of Italy eventually came together and freed the North and South, therefore uniting Italy into one nation. Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was known as the “sword” of Italian unification, helped Italy’s unification in the South, by using his “Red Shirts”. Giuseppe Garibaldi stated, “O noble Thousand! I love to remember you!
Such people began to view themselves as members a national group or nation. Nationalism led to the creation of two new powers, Italy and Germany, through the uniting of many small states. War had a major role in achieving nation unification in Italy and Germany. On the other hand, nationalism weakened the eastern European empires of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Ottoman Turkey. Those empires ruled many national groups that clamored for independence.
Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler gained power by promising to restore German strength. He built up the German military and began a campaign of expansion. Similar actions took place in Italy under dictator Benito Mussolini and in Japan under Japanese militarists.
It was up to Stalin, Roosevelt, and Hitler to raise spirits and conquer the problems in each society to get their nations back on their feet. All three men came up with huge reforms that they immediately put into affect in their governments. They tried to or succeeded in taking over their governments and manipulated them, with goals to escape the
I agree with Margret MacMillan that Hitler would want to gain more power no matter what happened. Hitler wanted more and more power, and to achieve the status that he desired for Germany he used many different tactics. Hitler convinced the Germans that they would return to international status through his speeches and Nazi propaganda. To achieve his own desire for more power Hitler created Lebensraum which
During the years 1900-1914 the Kaiser faced many potential threats to the extent of his power. These ranged from demands for social reform, from the SPD, to the demands for constitutional change, from the liberals, to demands for more power, from the Centre Party and finally to demands for a more aggressive foreign policy. Despite these threats ultimate power remained in the hands of the Kaiser in 1914. This retention of power was primarily due to the sense of patriotism and nationalism that existed in Germany and can most clearly be seen in the support that was apparent for nationalist foreign policies. The exact workings of the political structure of Germany also allowed the Kaiser to retain control but this structure could only remain because of the patriotism and nationalism that the Kaiser both exploited and enjoyed.