The nature of fascism itself was very aggressive and linked to the rise of dictatorships also increased the idea of revenge and violence. Germany and Italy also dealt with the economic crisis in 1929 in an aggressive way. And the fact that the League of Nations should ensure peace in the world and it was weak and failed facing Germany and Italy aggression let both countries became even more powerful and aggressive. One of the reasons for the German and Italian aggressive foreign policy was The Paris Peace Settlement, which was created to punish Germany. Nobody was happy with it and Italy and Germany wanted revenge.
By 1815, the aims of these secret societies changed in the direction of driving out the Austrians and restoring old Monarchs. Consequently, these factors paved the way for revolts and armed the peasants with something they never had had before – power. In a large number, the masses could stand against the oppressive rule of the Austrians. Therefore, the events that followed in the years 1820 – 1849 were all underpinned by the resentment of this from Metternich and the importance he placed on controlling Italy. Metternich was the Austrian chancellor and saw the danger of Italian nationalism and the potentially threatening ideas that
The extreme nationalism was driven the emergence of war, it elevate each of the conflicts before W.W.1. No matter in impersonal or my own opinion, nationalism is the most important reasons to trigger W.W1. Nationalism was begun to develop in Europe during the French Revolution. Some European people tried to build up their nation states in order to free themselves from foreign control. By the 19th century, nationalism went to extreme.
When Napoleon came to rule in these areas he realized it was very challenging to rule when their society and politics were so different. So, in each of these places he grouped together some of the kingdoms. Inconspicuously, he introduced Nationalism to both the Italians and Germans. The Italians realized what a great nation they could form if they belonged together. This revelation also occurred to the Confederation of the Rhine, which was the name that Napoleon gave to the newly grouped German states.
Growth of support for fascism was a reason for Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister, however there were many other factors which played a part or at least contributed to the cause of Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister. Towards the end of 1920, the rural right in Italy fought against the PSI and the PPI, it was this reaction that gave the Squadrismo and Fascism support, feeling abandoned by the government, landowners, middleclass conservatives turned to local fascist groups. Mussolini was able to attract the support and sympathy of different sections of Italian society. He posed as the defender of private property and of social order. He organized his Fascio di Combattimento into anti-socialist 'police' that attacked socialists and burnt down socialist headquarters.
In 1815 Italy was the country marked by the centuries of plundering attacks by foreign states, and then, in XVIII and early XIX century, by French and Austrian infulences. There was a long way separating the divided Italian states from unification of 1871. What citizens of those states needed were the strong political figures that would lead them to the consolidation. I'd like to concetrate on two of them - Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo Cavour. Two marginally different personalities, two different ideas of how should the future of Italy look like, and, therefore, different ways they followed to make those ideas come true.
“A political movement of the right, characterized by the use of systematic violence against political opponents and by the presence of a dominant charismatic leader, that emerged after World War I in a number of European countries primarily Italy and Germany.” (The West and the World, page 476.) Before you can attempt to differentiate the fascist forms of government in Germany and Italy, it is important to recognize how they were similar. Both had similar viewpoints in the sense that they believed their respective countries were special and needed the global respect that they deserved. Germany felt isolated because they had to admit they were wrong in World War I and had to pay retributions for their actions. Italy felt that they wanted to regain the glory they possessed during ancient Rome and wished to create a 20th century Italian Empire in the Mediterranean.
“"Fascism" was the ideology of the movement that, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, seized power in Italy in 1922 and held power until the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II” 18. “An attempt to provide fascism with a fully articulated theory was made by an Italian neo-Hegelian philosopher of some distinction, Giovanni Gentile, who was converted to fascism after Mussolini's coup.” 19. “But fascism equally opposed socialism, which preached class war and trade unionism and thus served only to divide the nation” 20. “Revolutionized society in such a way that the socialist critique was no longer relevant” 21. “Fascism's debts to the more extreme and fanatic elements of the nineteenth-century left wing” 22.
In Howard Zinn’s “The Empire and the People”, he explains factors that led to American expansion. “In strict confidence…I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one”, says Theodore Roosevelt to a friend in 1897. A factor of expansion through a war would deflect some of the rebellious energy that went into strikes and protests and shift that energy to an external enemy. It would help unite the people and the government. Another factor was brought to the table by Captain A.T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy, who had great influence with Theodore Roosevelt.
In the “Year of Revolution” many of the countries that made up the European empire rose up against the Habsburgs, Germany, and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led unification of Italy in 1861, and Germany in 1871. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary, because it was one of the areas that were comprised of many conflicting national groups. Another factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was Imperialism. Germany, Great Britain, and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. Severe chaos following the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France.