Justice is what is seen to be right and just by society and this means that society is catered for. However, an outsider does not conform with society so what they may think is just is different to society. These conflicting views mean that societies justice can be placed on the outsider. Outsiders are often isolated, they don't fit in or necessarily want to fit in . They often don't pick up on the nrules or cues society have to operate.
This essay will argue that by considering individuals have a single personal identity that has to be present for controlled behaviour, a loss of which will lead to anti-normative behaviour is to ignore a social sense of self. It will show research that suggests that there may be a transition from individual identity to a social dimension of self that can produce conformity to, as supposed to the suggested chaos, the socials norms and standards particular to the crowd. By stating that a crowd produces a loss of rationality and an eradication of personal identity suggests’ the crowd doesn’t have a voice, and just produces mindless and meaningless action that would render understanding futile. The essay will conclude by suggesting that by divorcing the crowd from context in which it was formulated, renders any possibility of
Eisenbach, R., Watson, K. and Pillai, R. 1999, ‘Transformational leadership in the context of organizational change’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 80-88. Kiefer T. 2005, ‘Feeling bad: Antecedents and consequences of negative emotions in ongoing change’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol.
On the other hand, the individual is completely separate or unique from the group. The institution, in nature, is going to impact on the individual. In order to operate successfully, the institution must impose rules to maintain balance. The aspects of this issue which is highlighted in the prescribed text “Raw” by Scott Monk, includes the positive effect by the institution onto the individual, the negative effect of the institution
CRIME AND DEVIANCE Deviancy is any behaviour that defies the norms of a particular social group. It is anti-social behaviour/or non-normative behaviour or behaviour that does not conform to societal expectations. Definition: American sociologists Marshall Clinard cited in Haralambos and Holborn (1995:387) defines deviancy as, “Any behaviour that is in a disapproved direction and of a sufficient degree to exceed the tolerance limit of that community. This definition has been criticised for ignoring those forms of deviancy which are tolerable. - Deviancy should be viewed as arelative act i.e.
This paper will argue that Robert K. Merton’s theory of anomie is a good foundation for the explanation of deviance in society; it is far too general in its assumptions and much too vague in its consideration of certain circumstances. The paper will begin with a review of Merton’s theory and then point out the how his theory succeeds in providing a universal explanation of the incidence of many forms of deviance, while failing to explain the occurrence of “white collar” crime and crimes of passion, assuming a uniform culture, and ignoring other theories which state that it is in fact the structure of society that deters us from deviance. The concept of anomie was originally developed by Emile Durkheim in his 1897 book, Suicide. Durkheim used the term anomie, which he borrowed from the French philosopher Jean-Marie Guyau, to describe the lack of social regulation in modern societies as one way that could raise suicide rates (Durkheim, 1897). The criminologist Robert Merton, applied Durkheim’s concept of anomie to modern industrialized societies, and redefined the term as the structure of a society in which there is a significant gap “between valued cultural ends and legitimate societal means to those ends” (Akers, 2000).
[3] Origins of the concept and its studyEdit The term ethnocentrism was created by William G. Sumner, upon observing the tendency for people to differentiate between the in-group and others. He defined it as "the technical name for the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. "[4] He further characterized it as often leading to pride, vanity, beliefs of one's own group's superiority, and contempt of outsiders. [5] Robert K. Merton comments that Sumner's additional characterization robbed the concept of some analytical power because, Merton argues, centrality and superiority are often correlated, but need to be kept analytically distinct. [4] Anthropologists such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist.
The conflict perspective is defined in the text as a sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups (Schaefer 15). It’s the competition for scarce resources and how the elite control the poor and week (CliffNotes). This perspective views society as characterized by tension and struggle between groups; the individual as shaped by power, coercion, and authority; and social order as maintained through force and coercion (Schaefer 19). Conflict theorists view education as an instrument of elite domination and thinks that schools take away students individualism and creativity (Schaefer 220). Some conflict theorists believe education is controlled by the state which is controlled by the powerful, and its purpose is to reproduce existing inequalities, as well as legitimize ‘acceptable’ ideas which actually work to reinforce the
ON PHENOMENOLOGICAL SOCIOLOGY [1] james L. heap and phillip A. roth University of British Columbia American Sociological Review 1973, Vol. 38 (June): 354-367 The works of Tiryakian, Bruyn and Douglas are examined as representative of "phenomenological sociology." Radical problems are discovered in their use of key concepts in phenomenology: intention, reduction, phenomenon and essence. These problems are shown to arise out of a failure to grasp the nature of the phenomenological enterprise and its relationship to sociology. Turning back to the original formulation of this relationship by Husserl, we discover problems of transcendental intersubjectivity, of type and essence, and of objectivism.
The lower class boys are at the bottom of the social structure and have little chance of gaining a higher status in society. This is similar to Merton’s STRAIN theory, however Cohen said that instead of turning to crime, they reject the norms and values of mainstream society and instead turn to the norms and values of a delinquent subculture AO2. In this subculture the boys can achieve success because the social group has different norms and values from the rest of society. So in this culture a high value is placed upon criminal acts such as stealing and vandalism which are condemned by mainstream society AO1. In these subcultures the individual who doesn’t have a high status in mainstream society can gain it by committing crimes such as