Management Info System

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Review Questions 6-1 What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment? Traditional file management techniques make it difficult for organizations to keep track of all of the pieces of data they use in a systematic way and to organize these data so that they can be easily accessed. Different functional areas and groups were allowed to develop their own files independently. Over time, this traditional file management environment creates such problems as data redundancy and inconsistency, program–data dependence, inflexibility, poor security, and lack of data sharing and availability. • List and describe each of the components in the data hierarchy. The data hierarchy includes bits, bytes, fields, records, files, and databases. Data are organized in a hierarchy that starts with the bit, which is represented by either a 0 (off) or a 1 (on). Bits can be grouped to form a byte to represent one character, number, or symbol. Bytes can be grouped to form a field, such as a name or date, and related fields can be grouped to form a record. Related records can be collected to form files, and related files can be organized into a database. 6-2 What are the major capabilities of database management systems (DBMS) and why is a relational DBMS so powerful? The principal capabilities of a DBMS include a data definition capability, a data dictionary capability, and a data manipulation language. The data definition capability specifies the structure and content of the database. The data dictionary is an automated or manual file that stores information about the data in the database, including names, definitions, formats, and descriptions of data elements. The data manipulation language, such as Structured Query Language (SQL), is a specialized language for accessing and manipulating the data in the database. The relational

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