8. How does hornfels form? Rock contacts with magma and bakes rock. 9. Know that the type of metamorphic rock relates to how much heat and pressure the rock was exposed to.
Fash was a very interesting book that catalogued the history of the Maya from the Preclassic Period (2000 B.C.E to 250 AD) to the Postclassic Period (900 AD- 1200 AD) including the collapse of the Classic Period centers in the southern lowlands, to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in 1519 AD. The first section of the book talks about Copan as being the classic Maya center describing Copan as “the Athens of the New World” and also explains the importance of archeological studies at the site. Copan has more hieroglyphic inscriptions and other sculpted monuments than any other Maya ruin, or any other site in the New World. The principal group of ruins, or site core, consists of a series of large buildings constructed around open courtyards which frequently contained stelae and alters. The principal groups contained two basic parts; the north included many low-lying plazas and to the south, the upraised courtyards and constituent structures were built upon the Acropolis .
The Pyramids of the Sun and the Moon, echoing the shape of the mountains surrounding the valley, served as focal points for Teotihuacan's urban layout. Beneath the pyramids are earlier structures; perhaps even tombs of Teotihuacan rulers are to be found within their stone walls. When the Pyramid of the Sun was completed circa 200 A.D., it was some 63 meters tall and 215 meters square. One of the largest structures ever built in the ancient Americas, its aspect today is the result of reconstruction and consolidation carried out in the early part of the twentieth century. Excavations in 1971 directly under the Pyramid of the Sun revealed a tunnel-like cave, ending in a cloverleaf-shaped set of chambers, apparently the scene of numerous ancient fire and water rituals.
The Island of Aruba is the result of lava hardening from a volcano that occurred almost 100 million years ago underwater. Eventually sediments formed new types of rocks, which came to the surface and began the process of island building. On the Island today the north coast is made up of a jagged coastline filled with all sorts of rocks. “Limestone’s are the youngest rocks that make up Aruba and that surround the islands older rocks. Limestone formed after and on top of the older rocks.” (Archaeological Museum Aruba, 3) While limestone is very common rock on Aruba, a white and black speckled plutonic rock called quartzdiorite is also another prevalent part of the landscape.
Pebble Mine The Pebble deposit is a massive deposit of gold, copper and molybdenum, located in the headwaters of the Kvichak and Nushagak Rivers. The Pebble Mine is an idea to set up a mine at those sites and take those resources out of the ground. If built, it would be one of the largest mines ever, measuring 2 miles wide and up to 2,000 feet deep. Like all other projects like this, the Pebble Mine has many pros as well as cons. One pro of this idea is that they construction of this mine and the mine itself will create thousands of new jobs.
New Mexico was at one point the leading producer of turquoise in the United States until Arizona and Nevada took the lead. Now most turquoise mining has stopped do to the quantity and question of economics. Nevada has been the major producer of Turquoise since 1930. There are about 75 to 100 different mines that have produced high amounts of turquoise ranging in the thousands to millions of dollars. Associated with some of the turquoise deposits are two other gem materials that can resemble certain colors and shades of turquoise.
7. How does the average rate of magma production from the Hawaiian volcanic vents compare to the about of magma withdrawn from only just beneath the summit of the volcanoes. what implications does this have for the future of Hawaiian eruptions? (page 99, para 1 to page 100) The average production of magma is about 100 million cubic meters per year. The amount of magma taken from beneath the summit has been small compared with the total amount of magma that has been erupted although the production rate of new magma has mostly kept up with the eruption rate.
This type of volcano can be recognized by its broad, gentle slopping shape. The lava dome that composes a shield volcano is usually built over a period of time. When this type of volcano erupts it often involves a flow after flow of lava. An example of shield volcano is Mauna Kea, which along with Mauna Loa forms the large island of Hawaii. The largest shield volcano in the solar system is Olympus Mons, on the planet mars.
Various types of societies, ranging from sedentary farmers to mobile hunter-gatherers, built these mounds over a long period of time. These mounds were designed as burial mounds, individual or collective burial grounds. These burial mounds were popular during the Middle Woodland period. The temple mounds were highly common after A.D. 1000. These large mounds were mainly dome-shaped and appeared throughout Ohio and Tennessee River valleys, certain mounds appeared to look like animal shapes.
Introduction Have you ever wondered where we come from? Anthropologists have made many discoveries in the past few decades that have increased our knowledge as to who our ancestors are and how humans evolved. “Lucy” who was discovered in 1974. Anthropologists have discovered fossil remains of an ancestor older than Lucy; a female named Ardipithecus, or Ardi for short, who possesses human and ape-like qualities. Ardi proved that bipedalism, or walking upright on two feet, existed half a million years before previously thought * Thesis: The main features of Ardi that helped shed light on these discoveries were from close examinations of Ardi’s skull, pelvis and limbs, and her teeth.