Explain why in the years 1906 to 1911, Stolypin attempted to reform agriculture. (12 marks) Stolypin attempted to reform agriculture for many reasons, one of the most important being to strengthen tsarist autocracy. He strongly believed that the future of Russia depended on building a prosperous peasantry. There was widespread rural poverty but an upper class of peasant that farmed efficiently and were wealthier, they were known as the Kulaks. Stolypin believed that the encouragement of a class such as the Kulaks would make them hostile to further change therefore more conservative and loyal to the Tsar as the Tsar had made them wealthy.
For this, rural councils known as the Zemstvas were set up in 1864 which offered the serfs a representative government; but they were mostly dominated by the nobility and professionals and many of them resented their loss of power over the serfs. To tend to these demands, local government reforms were put in place which were largely made up of nobility and made to give former serf owners a sense of local authority to make up for their loss of control over the serfs. Further judicial reforms were also put in place to help peasants arrange property rights and contracts, even more so now as they were able to own their own land. The emancipation of the serfs and reduction of labour services contributed to the growth of a money-based economy which had been a long term goal for the Tsar. The second reason to why further reforms were introduced was to modernise Russia’s overall economy and industry in order to catch up with the already modernised Western countries.
Most people who worked in the factories lived in the factories which had little living space, lack of proper ventilation and lack of proper hygiene (Wikipedia). Due to the poor living conditions and overcrowding people were subject to health issues and death related from communicable diseases. Along with the poor living conditions, hunger and malnutrition were common during this time. Labor laws did not exist. Workers worked long hours without breaks and children were also subjected to these cruel working conditions as they were often put to work alongside their parents.
How far were the divisions over the continuation over the NEP responsible for the contest to succeed Lenin in the years 1924- 1928? Divisions over the continuation of the NEP: • The party split into 2 sides- Behind Trotsky or Bukharin. • Bukharin wanted to keep the NEP- Felt it should continue for a while because it was providing food for the cities and work for the proletariat. Bukharin told the peasants to enrich themselves and buy goods to promote the USSR’s industry. He believed there should be a smychka (alliance) between peasants and workers (didn’t want to create differences between them.)
Once the Bolsheviks had come to power, it had announced two measures for the economic policy. The first measure was known as the ‘Decree on Land’ and the second was the ‘Decree on Workers’ Control’, both of which had been issued in November 1917. The ‘Decree on Land’:- This decree enabled the Bolshevik approval to what had happened in the countryside in the February Revolution. This was when peasants had overthrown their landlords and had taken their property. However, Lenin had accepted that this was due to the slogan which he had adopted which was ‘Land to the Peasants.’ The ‘Decree on Workers’ Control’:- During 1917, there were a large number of factories which had been taken over by the workers.
These Factors started to turn everyone against the Tsar as they could see how terrible he really was and how much he wasn’t helping the country or its people which finally lead the end of the Tsar. In 1917 people started to lose faith in terms of reforms as the October Manifesto set up by Witte to help people and try to get the country back on track was removed after only a few years of it being in place not long enough for it to have an impact on Russian life. As in 1905 there had never been any real big reforms like on the October manifesto so people where excited as they thought something new and good would be
As seen in Document A, Jefferson’s vision of an agrarian republic nation consisted of farmers who work on their own land producing mostly subsistence crops, little or no slave laborers with a relaxed, unscheduled work pace, and a ranch surrounded by crops secluded from most others in a small community. As the Louisiana Purchase was bought, expansion westward became popular. This expansion threatened the idea of an agrarian republic by fostering constant mobility and dissatisfaction rather than the stable, settled communities of yeoman farmers that Jefferson envisaged. Jefferson’s expansionism helped the spread of plantations based on slave labor in the South while it also caused environmental damage, especially soil exhaustion. Lastly, it created a relentless toward the Native Americans, who were pushed out of the way for white settlement or were devastated by the diseases that the Europeans brought with them through trade and contact.
The fact that the legislation freed the sheer number of people that it did, makes it the most defining moment in Russian history. (Zenkovsky). The situation of serfdom was becoming increasingly tense, and was not beneficial to the country but actually encumbering its progress. 44% of Russia were sub-servant serfs(8). An excerpt from the emancipation manifesto states that landed proprietors, while they shall retain all the rights of ownership over all the lands now belonging to them, shall transfer to the peasants, in return for a rent fixed by law.
The Great Depression in Canada The Great Depression in Canada was a very difficult time. Almost everybody was affected by this brutal time period. The Great Depression profoundly affected the family unit. Children found themselves in orphanages and were working for a very small pay and out of school. Men struggled to maintain and find jobs to support his family, and women struggled to put food on the table and care for her children with the little or no money that the men brought home.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the practice of enclosure was denounced by the Church, and legislation was drawn up against it; but the developments in agricultural mechanization during the 18th century required large, enclosed fields so as to be workable. This led to a series of government acts, culminating in the General enclosure Act of 1801, which sanctioned large-scale land reform. While small farmers received compensation for their strips, it was minimal, while the loss of rights for the rural