The graph shows a variation as the system heats at a constant volume. The slope of the tangent line to the curve is called the heat capacity at a certain temperature at a constant volume. CV denotes the heat capacity at a constant volume. The equation is as follows: CV is the derivative of the internal energy in respect to temperature. The equipartition theorem says that each term in the total energy expression with either a squared momentum or coordinate contributes the same amount, (1/2)RT to the energy as well as the heat capacity.
2. Explain what relationship exists between the pressure and volume of a gas (assuming a constant temperature), based on your collected data. Answer: The relationship between Pressure and Volume is inversely proportional. As one decrease, the other increases. P1V1=P2V2 3.
Boyle scientifically varied the pressure and measured the volume of the gas. These measurements were performed using a fixed amount of gas and a constant temperature. In this way Boyle was able to examine the pressure-volume relationship without complications from other factors such as changes in temperature or amount of gas. Boyle’s law states that at constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are contrarily proportional. The law can also be stated in a slightly different manner, that the product of absolute pressure and volume is always constant.
* In heterogeneous equilibria two or more phases are present. * Because the concentrations of pure solids and liquids are constant, these substances are left out of the equilibrium constant expression for a heterogeneous equilibrium. Section 4 * If the concentration of all species in an equilibrium are known, the equilibrium-constant expression can be used to calculate the value of the equilibrium constant. * The changes in the concentrations of reactants and products on the way to achieving equilibrium are governed by the stoichiometry of the reaction. Section 5 * The reaction quotient, Q, is found by substituting reactant and product partial pressures or concentrations into the equilibrium constant
The energy change is the same whether the process occurs in one step or many. Also the first law of thermodynamics which says that energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed. The change in enthalpy (ΔH) determines if energy is absorbed or released by a chemical reaction. Endothermic reactions have a positive value or enthalpy change and are gaining energy, or the reaction can be exothermic which is a negative value or
This is because when an azeotrope is boiled, the resulting vapour has the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture of liquids. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. The boiling point of an azeotrope is either less than the boiling points of any of its constituents (a positive azeotrope), or greater than the boiling point of any of its constituents (a negative azeotrope). The azeotropes of cyclohexanol/water and cyclohexene/water are both positive azeotropes. The separation of cyclohexene could not depend on distillation alone.
Determine the ratio of the heat loss from a 1m3 cylindrical tank of optimum dimensions (that is, the dimensions of the cylindrical tank for which the heat loss is a minimum) to the heat loss from a cubic tank with the same volume. Which tank design do you recommend as being more “environmentally friendly”? Remember: Vcylinder= πr2h SA cylinder= 2πr2+
As the number of moles decreases, the volume decreases Summary: Combined Gas Law: PV/nT = constant (T in Kelvins) P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2 Ideal gas Law: PV = nRT R = .0821L atm/mol K Gay-Lussac’s/Avogadro’s Law of Combining Volumes Equal volumes of any gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of moles of gas. The coefficients of a balanced equation can be used to calculate relative volumes. Standard Molar Volume: At standard temperature and pressure (STP = 1atm and 273.15K) 1 mole of any ideal gas has a volume of 22.4L Variations on the ideal gas law equation: PV = mRT/M (m = sample mass, M = molar mass of the gas) d = MP/RT (d = density of the gas in g/L) Examples: 1. Calculate: a. The new pressure in a closed container if a 5.0L volume of gas at 2.5atm has its volume increased to 7.5L.
The Speed of Sound: | Sound travels at different speeds depending on what it is traveling through. Of the three mediums (gas, liquid, and solid) sound waves travel the slowest through gases, faster through liquids, and fastest through solids. Temperature also affects the speed of sound.Gases:The speed of sound depends upon the properties of the medium it is passing through. When we look at the properties of a gas, we see that only when molecules collide with each other can the condensations and rarefactions of a sound wave move about. So, it makes sense that the speed of sound has the same order of magnitude as the average molecular speed between collisions.
The basis of gasification is to supply less oxidant than would be required for stoichiometric combustion of a solid fuel. Stoichiometric combustion occurs when all the carbon in the fuel is converted to CO2 and there is no excess O2 left over. Doherty, W. et al (2009) noted that the energy value of the useful gas is typically 75% of the chemical heating value of the original solid fuel and the syngas temperature will be substantially higher than the original solid fuel due to the gasification process. 2.8.5 Landfill gas (LFG) collection and utilization Landfills produce landfill gas by the degradation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions. The evaluation of any landfill gas recovery project is highly effected by the composition of waste, specifically the organic fraction, moisture level, and the “degradation” factor of different waste components.