Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Misti Tull Everest Online CJE-1640-1m Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Sir Francis Galton has contributed many things on fingerprinting but the major one has been finding the method of classifying them for study. In 1892 he printed a book titled Finger Prints this book stated the statistics on the method of personal identification. (Page 8 ch 1) Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of toxicology, he is known of this because in 1814 he was the first person to print a book on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. The book establishes forensic toxicology as a legitimate study. (Page 7 ch1) One contribution is the journal he has written is about the improved methods of scientific crime detection and this still reports today.
Her background was interdisciplinary and included a thorough grounding in linguistics, ethnology, and the history of religions, which was unusual for an archaeologist. In 1949, she moved to the United States, where she would remain until her death four decades later. With her extensive knowledge of European languages, Marija Gimbutas was employed by Harvard University in 1950. She was assigned the task of conducting research and writing texts regarding European prehistory. Gimbutas was able to read and translate the archaeological reports from Eastern Europe, which opened the American to new ideas on archeology.
Jessica Stevens Folklore Genres November 2011 Narratives of Ooh-Rah! A Personal Narrative Survey of United States Marines in Recent Conflicts The Veterans Oral History Project is a federally sponsored program that was enacted by the United States Congress in October of 2000 for the explicit purpose of documenting the personal histories and testimonials of American war veterans. The American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress was recognized as having the necessary expertise to develop and establish an oral history program of this scale and nature. Though the collection consists primarily of audio and video recorded interviews of veterans, various accompanying items are accepted as long as they are considered to have a ‘narrative’ quality; such as memoirs, photographs, drawings, correspondence materials like letters, email, journals, and postcards. In addition to collecting personal accounts, the American Folklife Center is responsible for preserving the collection and making the collection accessible to the public.
A cadaver is a dead human body that may be used by physicians and other scientists to study anatomy, identify disease sites, determine causes of death, and provide tissue to repair a defect in a living human being (www.medicinenet.com) ii. In 1918, Anatomical Gift Association of Illinois was established 1. An anatomical gift is the donation of an individual's body to medical science after death. 2. To this day, AGA accepts donations of bodies, embalms them, and transfers them to nearby medical schools and institutions 3.
The book Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II Most Dramatic Mission is written by Hampton Sides. Sides is a native of Memphis, Tennessee, who was born in 1962 and graduated from Yale. Currently he lives in Santa Fe with his wife, writer Anne Goodwin, and their three sons. He is the editor for Outside magazine, and has written for such articles as National Geographic, The New Yorker, Esquire, Preservation, Men's Journal, Men's Vogue, and The Washington Post. His magazine work has been nominated twice for National Magazine Awards for feature writing.
Carbon-14 Dating: an Invaluable Yardstick in the Chronology of Humans Archeologists use many methods to analyze data from the past. One scientific tool they use is to analyze the radioactive decay of chemical elements found in plant and animal remains, pottery, and even in rocks. Radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14 dating, has been one of the most important radioisotope dating methods used. This scientific tool, which was first developed by Willard F. Libby in the late 1940s, has significantly improved the accuracy of assigning dates to past events and artifacts as far back as 70,000 years. It is helping archaeologists, geologists, and anthropologists reconstruct the world’s history by filling in some of the many blank dates in the chronology of the history of our human world and by substantiating and revising other dates.
Beyond the Body Farm is a novel comprised of multiple short stories about some of Dr. Bill Bass’ countless experiences over decades as what some call a “bone detective”. Dr. Bass’ detailed accounts of multiple of his favorite and most challenging cases all show the diversity of methods used and the dedication required to be successful in the field of forensic anthropology. More importantly though, these retellings are meant to educate readers on forensic anthropology beyond the boundaries of CSI type television shows, and illustrate the stark contrast between TV and reality. “Shedding Light on a Victim's Bones” was a case which used UV light extensively to determine the identity of the bones. The initial use of the UV light was to conclude
In 1917, the need for psychological testing arose when the United States entered into World War I. Psychologist Robert Yerkes and his committee of psychologists designed the Army Alpha and Beta tests that lay the groundwork for future standardized tests (Sass, 2005). The committee of psychologists led by Yerkes, included Thorndike, Thurstone, and Otis. The committee also included Lewis Terman, the developer of the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Their goal was to create a method could help the war efforts in areas of selection, categorization and assignment decisions for troops.
His first criminal insights developed in the 1860’s when he was working as a doctor in the army and the characteristics of the soldiers, however, his name came into Criminological significance with the publication of his first book, ‘The Criminal Man’ (1876). In this book he suggested from his research that criminals were biologically determined, a physical type with specific characteristics that differentiates them from others, and throwbacks to earlier forms of evolutionary life (Newburn 2007). During the period Lombroso wrote this book, Charles Darwin’s (1968) theory of evolution was a very popular concept, and Lombroso was thought to be heavily influenced by this, proposing that criminals were ‘lower down the evolutionary scale than law abiding citizens’ (Cited in Crowther 2007: 278). Before publishing ‘The Criminal Man’, Lombroso famously conducted a study on the physical and mental characteristics of 400 Italian soldiers and 90 ‘lunatics’, examining and comparing them. He concluded there were a selection of specific characteristics setting criminals apart from others and stated that they were a ‘sub-species’.
Discovery “In August 1984, a small piece of human cranial bone was recovered by Kenyan fossil-finder Kamoya Kimeu at a site located near the Nariokotome sand river, some 5 kilometers inland from the western shore of Lake Turkana, northern Kenya (F. H. Smith 1994: 418).” Kimeu was part of the Richard Leaky and Alan Walker excavation team. His discovery led to 4 years of excavations at the site designated as Nariokotome III. A collection of bones found over this period of time, which belonged to WT 15000, exists as the most complete early human skeleton. “Such an answer to a paleoanthropologist's prayer is the Nariokotome hominid, a nearly complete skeleton of an adolescent individual (Zihlman 1993: 133).” Sites near Turkana were popular, for example; specimens of Homo erectus were also found at Koobi Fora which is on Turkana’s eastern shore. Age and condition of skeleton Several ways were used to date skeletons such as analyzing volcanic tuffs and the stratigraphy of the site to determine an estimate of the period in which these early humans would have lived.