Biological rhythms are a pattern of physiological processes that are accompanied by psychological changes that repeat on a regular basis. There are three main biological rhythms: circadian, infradian and ultradian. Circadian rhythms have a 24 hour cycle; an example of a circadian rhythm would be sleep as it is repeated once every 24 hours. The menstrual cycle is an example of an infradian rhythm as the cycle is longer than a day (once a month, once a year, etc.) Finally an ultradian rhythm has a cycle shorter than 24 hours, it changes within a 24 hour period, and an example of this would be heart rate.
Essay 1: Outline and evaluate the role of endogenous pacemakers in the control of one or more biological rhythms (9+16 marks) Biological rhythms are regular patterns of physiological, behavioural or cognitive activities. They include the changes in levels of brain chemicals, increasing and decreasing body temperature over a single day, and also shifting between sleeping and waking. There are three main types of biological rhythms. They are “Infradian Rhythms”, “Circadian Rhythms” and “Ultradian Rhythms”. Infradian rhythms are cycles that have the longest duration, lasting more than 24 hours.
Discuss the role of endogenous pacemakers in the control of one or more biological rhythms Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers can manipulate the various bodily rhythms, and have particular affects on the sleep / week cycle in the circadian rhythm. Endogenous pacemakers are separate and distinct internal rhythms that affect the bodily rhythms; similarly, exogenous zeitgebers are outside influences, and sometimes outside rhythms that also affect how the bodily rhythms work. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located above the optical chiasm. Light enters into the retina and is transferred through the optical nerve to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which stimulates the release of hormones such as cortisol and melatonin in the pineal gland, thus maintaining our sleep-wake cycle. Circadian rhythms occur over a 24-hour cycle.
A circadian rhythm is a natural change in a biological process which occurs roughly every 24 hours. The most well known example would be the sleep wake cycle which occurs once every 24 hours. The sleep-wake cycle is known as an endogenous pacemaker which can be affected by external factors, also known as exogenous zeitgebers, such as noise, light, social cues and the temperature. The most dominant endogenous pacemaker (or central oscillator) we have is the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which is located on top of the optic chiasm. It is a small bundle of cells found in the hypothalamus and is used to detect light.
Describe and evaluate the role of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers in biological rhythms Body rhythms are biological processes that show cyclical variation over time. Many processes show such cyclical variation in both plants and animals over a variety of time perioiuds. They seem governed by internal, inbuilt mechanisms called ‘endogenous pacemakers’ (or body clocks), and exogenous zeitgebers (or ‘time givers’). The biological clock (an endogenous pacemaker) determines when we sleep and when we wake up. Endogenous bodily clocks are influenced by external (exogenous zeitgebers) factors.
The theory would predict the sleep pattern of any species would depend on its position in the food chain/whether it is a prey animal or a predator and/or whether it has a safe place in which to sleep. The amount of environmental danger would predict the sleep pattern. Also it would predict the effects of sleep deprivation would be the prey animal would get eaten. 146 words An alternative ecological explanation was proposed by Webb who suggested the function of sleep was to conserve energy. He proposed sleep was adaptive because it conserves energy in the same way that hibernation enhances survival by reducing physiological demands at a time of year when such demands would be hard to fulfil.
OUTLINE I. Energy Drinks a. Audience Hook: Do energy drinks give people more energy or sickness and death? b. Thesis Statement: Research suggests that consumption of energy drinks may lead to altered homeostasis as evidenced by multiple organ compromise, sleep deprivation, and death. c. Preview of main points: ci.
‘What Is Hypnosis? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy.’ Introduction The purpose of this essay is to answer the question ‘What Is Hypnosis? Describe the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis and discuss the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy.’ Hypnosis is defined as ‘an artificially induced trance state resembling sleep, which is characterised by heightened susceptibility to suggestion’. However, not all hypnotherapists would agree with this definition because a ‘hypnotic state’ is actually a human trait which everyone experiences. Our mind can drift from an alert state into a different level of consciousness when we do something in automatic mode for example, walking, driving and daydreaming.
Pinel, biological psychology “is the scientific study of the biology of behavior.” Essentially biological psychology; also known as behavioral neuroscience, looks at the biological reasons for psychological differences. For example, fetal alcohol syndrome which is a biological effect of drinking while pregnant can and often does influence the psychological development of the fetus. This in turn results in slowed learning and poor behavioral patterns, which is no fault of the child. 2) What is the historical development of biological psychology? Biopsychology was historically developed in the 20th century; though no one is certain of the exact date, according to Pinel.
Common neuroleptic drugs such as Thorzine aim to block the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine within 48 hours, which have proven to be effective. The brain is composed of many separate systems of communicating neurons that interact in complex ways. Neurons carry electrical impulses through their branches and communicate with other neurons by giving out chemicals into the tiny fluid spaces between sending and receiving neuron branches (referred as synapse). Dopamine neurotransmitters stick to the receiving neuron (receptors are shape to fit certain neurotransmitters). Neuroleptic drugs molecules are shaped so that they stick to the