Neurones also have a sodium-potassium pump embedded into the neurone membrane, which allows for the neurone’s resting potential to be maintained. A similar pump that is on the cristae of the mitochondria, called the ATP synthase pump, which allows for the production of ATP during respiration. Hydrogen ions from the electron transport chain are diffused into the intermembrane space between the cristae and outer membrane of the mitochondria, creating a concentration gradient, so H+ ions rush through the pump, joining ADP and Phosphate. To use the ATP, another pump (ATPase), ATP binds to the carrier and
Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins. Waste products such as nitrogenous compounds are carried to the kidneys and are excreted in the form of urine. Antidiuretic hormone, (ADH), is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is carried by the plasma to the kidney and stimulate the occurrence of water reabsorption. When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released, causing the collecting ducts to become more permeable.
But does this have an effect on the plants or are there no differences? In this inquiry it was investigated if there are any effects and how harmful these effects are. Because the plants near the road take a bit too long to grow, there had been decided to work with cress, Lepidium sativum. The inquiry question is: What are the effects of NaCl on cress? Our hypothesis is that the plants won’t encounter disadvantages in low concentrations (up and till 0.20 mol/L), but that they will grow less fast in higher concentrations ( 0.25 mol/L and higher), because NaCl withdraws liquid from plants.
Surface area to volume ratio has a direct effect on the amount of water (as well as nutrients and waste) that can diffuse through the plasma membrane. It is a big factor in determining the size of a cell (Biology Department, 2010). This is because the rate that substances can diffuse across the plasma membrane
The cell membrane is selectively permeable so that a cell would lose water when placed in a higher solute concentrated environment and gain water when placed in a lower solute concentrated environment because of osmosis. Osmosis does not occur when there is no concentration gradient, meaning that the solute concentration of inside and outside of the cell is the same. The solution is called isotonic when the concentration of the solution is the same as the concentration inside the cell. Hypothesis * As the sucrose concentration of the solution decreases, the percentage change in mass solanum turberosum discs will increase because the greater concentration gradient results in more rapid and intense osmosis. In the solution of isotonic sucrose concentration, solanum turberosum discs will not gain or lose any mass since osmosis would not occur.
I. Title-Osmolarity of Plant Cells II. Introduction- a. Background information-In this lab I conducted an experiment to determine the Osmolarity of plant cells. Osmolarity is defined as, “the number of osmoles of solute per liter of solution.” In this cause the solution was sugar water. Osmolarity involves the movement of water across a cell membrane which is osmosis, this movement of water can be hypertonic; a higher concentration of a solute inside the cell which means the cell loses mass, hypotonic; a lower solute concentration inside the cell than outside which means the cell gains mass, or isotonic; a solute concentration the same as the outside of the cell which means there is no net movement of water.
A liquid has a similar density to a solid but is virtually incompressible, particles are allowed move freely and in a random order allowing liquid to flow. In a gas particles are much further apart and have more energy. Gases have low density and are very compressible, they are not very attracted to one another and move freely. If put in a container gases will quickly diffuse. What causes intramolecular force?
(Swann, 2008) The pancreas also makes amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Hypothesis: Most enzymes are very specific for a certain substrate. The active site on the enzyme molecule forms a keyhole into which the substrate fits like a key. The substrate molecule is then broken up into many smaller pieces. “The higher the reaction temperature, the more kinetic
This is a benefit because the closer the working fluid temperature approaches that of the surroundings, the lower the rate of heat transfer. The isothermal process allows the fastest rate of heat transfer. An ideal refrigeration cycle looks much like a reversed Carnot heat engine or a reversed Rankine cycle heat engine. The primary distinction being that refrigeration cycles lack a turbine, using a throttle instead to expand the working fluid. (Of course, a turbine could be incorporated into a refrigeration cycle if one could be designed to deal with liquids, but the useful work output is usually too small to justify the cost of the device.)
Solids: Sound travels fastest in solids as the molecules are extremely dense and therefore the vibrations pass through very quickly; simply by colliding with the solid. The particles found in solids are compressed meaning there is much less space for the sound-waves to pass through but is in fact the most efficient means of sound distribution as the energy from the sound-wave vibration is