Milgram's Study of Obedience: Critical Review What is considered ethical and unethical in a scientific model of research strategies in a case study? Milgram's famous Study of Obedience, done in 1963, has fallen under great debate. The author of the report has properly informed us of the reasons why ethics had been reformed and an institutional review board had been created. The review board is in place to protect participants from unethical research projects. The review board reviews research proposals and ensure that researchers protect participants adequately.
* Questions of Procedure: What should be done about it? 5. How do classical stases apply in analyzing scientific discourse? * evidential: what exists or doesn’t exist in the natural world? * Interpretive: facts are settled, but argue on what theory applies and so on * Evaluative: the significance * Methodological: procedures and techniques + what will be the outcome 6.
The first scenario utilizes quantitative research. This type of research uses traditional scientific method to measure and analyze evidence that yields numerical data or information (Polit & Beck, 2010). Quantitative research is allied with a positivist paradigm in which objectivity, deductive processing and generalization are employed. These methods are strengths of such research whereas the requirement of large sample sizes and the inability to answer moral or ethical questions are its weaknesses. On the evidence hierarchy, it is in the Level IIa category because it is presented as a single randomized clinical trial.
The result is that events occurring thousands of miles away can now have an almost immediate impact on us. Globalisation has many causes, some of them are; communications technology, mass media and cheap air travel. Held et al suggest the globalisation of crime has led to an increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders; this has brought about the spread of transnational organised crime, creating new opportunities for crime and new means of committing crime. For example the computerisation of financial markets enables vast amounts of capital to be transferred each day from one side of the world to the other, with sometime devastating effects on national economies. Also, Manuel Castells (1998) argues because of globalisation there is a globalised criminal economy worth £1 trillion.
Additional requirement for admissibility of multiple hearsay A hearsay statement is not admissible to prove the fact that an earlier hearsay statement was made unless: either of the statements is admissible or all the parties to the proceedings agree; or the court is satisfied that the value of the evidence in question, taking into account how reliable the statements appear to be, is so high that the interests of justice require the later statement to be admissible for that purpose. ‘Hearsay statement’ means a statement, not made in oral evidence, that is relied on as evidence of a matter stated in it. Memory refreshing A witness giving oral evidence in court may use a document to refresh his or her memory, provided that the document was made (or verified) by him at an earlier time, and provided: he states that the document records his recollections of the matter at that earlier time and his recollection of the matter is likely to have been significantly better at the time the document was made, than at the time of his oral evidence. Running head: UNIT 5 ASSIGNMENT 10
2. Summary judgment is a decision made by a court in a lawsuit in response to a motion that pleads there is no basis for a trial. 3. Bioethics is discipline dealing with the ethical implications of biological research methods and results, especially in medicine. 4.
Science is governed by the principle of falsificationism. Scientists set out to try and falsify existing theories, deliberately seeking evidence that would disprove them. If the evidence from an experiment or observation contradicts a theory and shows it to be false, the theory can be discarded and the search for a better explanation can begin. In science, knowledge claims live or die by the evidence. Popper argues discarding falsified knowledge claims; is what enables scientific understanding
According to Britannica, an expert witness is one who “must have specialized knowledge, skill, or experience in the area of their testimony. For the most part, they do not testify concerning facts but draw inferences from them.” It is their specialized knowledge that differentiates expert witnesses from fact witnesses and allows them to testify using conclusions and opinions rather than just facts. This power can cause problems in the courtroom, such as presentations of bias information or jury confusion, which is why judges have taken it upon themselves to act as gatekeepers with regard to admission of expert testimony. What is legally allowed as expert testimony has been debated for centuries and opinions on rigidity of admission standards have changed over time. Three major cases, Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Khumo v. Carmichael, and Frye v. U.S. have had a significant impact on the admissibility criteria of expert testimony and heightened the debate of judges’ rights to act as gatekeepers.
As a psychologist you must be able to display objectivity and be able to prove the accuracy of information provided (Green 2010). When unable to be objective, and give accurate information it is a violation of all ethical standards that psychologists and lawyers have to follow. When called on to be an expert and to testify, jurors may have a hard time relating to the psychologist and believing that they are being the unbiased scientist that they have been called upon to be. They may be viewed as an advocate, a voice to the side that they have been called to testify for. Judges
At the same time, the increase of adults including many young people, are most likely get involved in regular drug use. Crime happens in many forms and includes many different effects on people. “Without doubt, the largest amount of experimental research on crime and deviance has focused on aggression. WE identify five situational correlations of aggression based on Argyle et s’ls (1981) review of psychological research (Wiggins 1938)”. Crime and