Commanding Heights, Nationalization in Third World Countries

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10/24/12 Commanding Heights : Nationalization in Third World Countries | on PBS Print | PDF Nationalization in Third World Countries Excerpt from Commanding Heights by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, 1998 ed., pp. 88-90. Essay Ghana was hardly an exception. In the decade of the 1960s, the high hopes of independence gave way through much of the developing world to a continuing saga of coups and political upheavals. In the process, the optimism of the independence era gave way to an intellectual reformulation that saw North and South -- industrial and developing countries -- as permanent antagonists. The political struggle for independence was transmuted into a continuing struggle against what was variously described as "economic imperialism" and "neo-imperialism" -- and, particularly, against the multinational corporation. Indeed "exploitation" became the fashionable way to view relations between developed and developing nations. Karl Marx had not said much about the developing world, and what he had said was quite ambiguous. He saw capitalism as a necessary improvement on the "Asiatic mode of production." According to Marx, British imperialism definitely served to modernize "backward" lands like India. Nevertheless, most Marxist theorists, dependency theorists, and many plain liberal theorists propounded the argument that developed nations and the dynamics of international trade and investment exploited developing countries. Strong state control was necessary to protect the developing nation against these forces, and the state company would occupy the high ground formerly held by the foreigner. The problem of national control was most acute for the great many countries that depended for survival on exports of primary products, whether agricultural -- like coffee, rubber, or pineapples -- or mineral -- like copper and bauxite. The choice seemed to be

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