One school of thought focuses on early traumatic experiences, lack of parental care etc. and will investigate this route while the other school of thought places more focus on genetics, brain abnormalities and temperament (Kernberg & Michels, 2009). 3.2.4 Prevalence and Stability The prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder in clinical settings is between 15% - 25%, whereas in the community it is only 1.4%-5.9& (Gunderson, 2009 and Kernberg & Michels, 2009). A possible reason for this is that personality patterns are not stable and vary from context to context which may complicate identification of symptoms in the larger social environment (Sue, Sue and Sue, 2010). More than one interview is usually necessary to make a diagnosis (Tutorial Letter 101, PYC 4802, 2011).
Define and describe the following theories on personality: Trait theory – the trait theory suggests that a person’s personality is built through a number of different traits that the person has. The maker of the theory was Gordon Alport; he came up with the idea. He found that just by figuring out what traits you have, the trait theory can figure out what personality you have. He said that there are 4,000 words in the English dictionary that describe traits. He put these words and traits into 3 categories; Cardinal traits, central traits and secondary traits.
After the accident it appeared that he had become someone completely different exhibiting behaviors that were opposite of his core personality. Contributions to Cognitive Psychology “I think therefore I am” this famous quote by Rene Descartes can easily sum up the human condition. However it raises the question “where does thought come from?” In the study of cognitive psychology the examination of the brain is essential to understanding how and where thought originates. Early on in the science of psychology two standard schools of thought prevailed, the holistic and the phrenology or the idea that cognitive capabilities are separated throughout the brain. Although both have something to offer neither can claim full victory over truth.
The method is optimistic in nature and concentrates on virtuous human capabilities to prevail over pain, deprivation, and hopelessness (Feist, Feist, & Roberts, 2013). The premise of the humanistic theory of personality is for humans to accomplish self-actualization, achieve growth psychologically, and to attain happiness and inner peace in life (Feist, Feist, & Roberts,
In addition to the words we speak, our body language, tone and volume are far more important actions we use rather than words alone. We may not even realise how much our body works whilst we are speaking at times. It has been stated that in fact only 7% of our words are used in communication, tone and volume make up 38% and body language is 55% (II). In hypnosis, we do not have the ability to use our body language as our clients have their eyes closed so it is important that the correct wording is used to strengthen our messages and suggestions. To suit a client’s preferences and personality in a personalised induction we may have to adjust the words we use, the tone, the volume or our pace in order for the desired effects to be reinforced.
This involves damaging the brain in order to bring about behavioural changes. Treatment was developed in the 1930s with attempts to separate the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain (frontal lobotomy). It was noticed that the symptoms of schizophrenia reduced or disappeared. More efficient methods of lobotomising were developed and the procedure applied more widely, with ultimately tens of thousands of operations conducted before it waned in popularity. Nowadays psychosurgery is used only in very exceptional circumstances.
Personality can mean many things but collectively the definition according to Feist & Feist in 2006, “…a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior” (Feist & Feist, 2006). It is hard to understand personality when no one can even agree about the true definition of personality so that is why we have to study it and assess the information that will help us understand what influences our own traits and characteristics. Quantifiable Human Nature The field of psychology is based on the basic ways in which humans will react through perceptions, position, and the point of views from of a lot of theorists. In the area of psychology according to Feist and Feist in 2009, “there are six dualistic dimensions on human nature and they are determinism versus free choice, pessimism versus optimism, causality versus teleology, conscious versus unconscious determinants of behavior, biological versus social influences, and finally uniqueness versus similarities” (Feist & Feist). First a thing where a human does anything willingly is called free choice.
GABREZA, IRISGY P. ENG 27-A The Brain of An Introvert Compared To An Extrovert: Are They Really Different? Introduction Introversion and extroversion had been the most pervasive personality traits according to psychology. In the long run however, the difference between the two had not been clarified and distinguished definitely. Misconceptions that often lead to confusion hovered over the minds of most people. Others would claim that an introverted person is shy, less talkative and is a loner.
Studies of such social manipulation are for the most part confined to single species or groups of related species, in part because of the vagueness of the definition of Machiavellian intelligence itself (Byrne and Whiten 1988; Dunbar 1992). Descriptions generally fall into three subcategories: (1) transmission of novel behaviors (Caro and Hauser 1992 and references therein); (2) deception (Byrne and Whiten 1988 and references therein); and (3) alliance formation (Harcourt and DeWaal 1992 and references therein). The latter two may predicate a knowledge of rank relations between other individuals which is more complicated than
One of the main symptoms of desire is the sense of longing or hoping for something to occur or an emotion to be expressed such as a craving or hankering. Therefore developing a sense of adventure, which turns into excitement due to the level of enjoyment,