Exam Question 1 Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society. A key statistic that stands out in the data is that Liverpool has 50% of very high levels of household deprivation. This shows that the biggest need for regeneration is in Liverpool by far. The deprivation in Liverpool could be due to the industrial decline suffered in Merseyside during the 1980’s. When a city suffers an industrial decline, there is often a rise in unemployment, and there will also be a lot of derelict and unused land left behind.
Evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40 marks) Urban decline is caused by many factors including the development of the suburbs, leading to migration of the upper and middle class workers but is mostly effected by de-industrialisation, resulting in big corporations leaving the region, taking skilled workers and trade with them and causing large scale unemployment. This can cause an even bigger spiral of decline as low income levels mean people can’t afford high quality housing, education or health and then investment into the area starts to leave which leaves the infrastructure to crumble and social standards start to slip. Therefore, to help encourage development in these areas, the government and the people often create schemes to help regenerate the area. One cause of urban decline is the emigration of workers out of an area usually into the suburbs in a search for a nicer environment and better quality of living. This can often lead to the abandonment of buildings which soon become overgrown and derelict.
In this essay, I will evaluate the success of these programmes in their attempt to regenerate areas badly affected by urban decline. Urban decline is brought about by a number of factors including political decisions, outmigration, decline in quality of housing stock, lack of urban planning, loss of industry and an increasing concentration of low income groups. Political decisions can sometimes mean that areas are ignored for investment and therefore eventually go into decline. As areas become less desirable the skilled and wealthier population move out into more desirable areas, housing becomes of a lower quality as little money is pumped in for redevelopment. This means that the majority of people living in the area are those who cannot afford to move away.
Housing prices in the privileged inner city are rising much faster than those of outer urban areas,potentially impeding inboard migration. (Holcombe, n.d,2014)Due to this, the market of house property situation will be tense, which reveals from that poor people are unable to afford the price of housing and they are forcing to live the fringe of the city where is not developed well. And the gaps between poor and rich areas will be emphasized by urban consolidation form by dividing them into different areas. Furthermore,people found that more emotional stress and psychological conditions are generated in high density areas. (Neuman,2005)The environmental aspects of urban consolidation is quite different with in developing the form of urban sprawl.
China The massive trade surplus, large foreign exchange reserves, low cost of goods, and massive market size are the main strengths of the country. The economy is still undergoing a transition to more of a market economy. However, policy makers are committed to making these changes (China Business Forecast, 2014). Some of the weaknesses in the Chinese market is the over-supply of residential housing, resulting in ghost cities. The banks are under-capitalized in their inadequate financial system and this increases China’s banking sector risk (IHS, 2014).
The growing economy makes the cost of living more expensive, the overpriced houses are closer together, so you have very little yard to keep up with. The larger city also has faster internet and cable television. There are many disadvantages to living in the big city neighborhood. The economy has inflated property values and taxes, adding the cost of living. The crime rate is very high, putting you and your family at greater risk of being the victim of a crime or violence.
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Due to the different ethnicities, many immigrants found the transition to American life quite difficult, despite their efforts to ease the transition by assimilation into U.S. society. (Schultz, 2014) The repaid expansion of American cities caused the appearance of tenements, something never before seen. The tenements were narrow four to five-story buildings with few windows, limited plumbing and electricity. (Schultz, 2014) The tenements nurtured disease, high infant mortality, and horrendous issues with pollution, and were often the site of racial and ethnic
The substantial increase in population due to immigration that occurs during this time goes on to affect the nation in positive and negative ways. Some of the adverse affects of such a rapid growth in population were overcrowding in cities, lack of jobs, and occasional food shortages. But the hard working spirit and work ethic that the immigrants brought, along with a determined will to succeed, were an overarching positive were crucial to the country becoming what it is today. In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and emigrate to the United States. Immigrants entered into the United States through several
The gentrification of inner city areas caused many areas to become more upscale over decades, so there are many poor people living amongst the rich. The influx of high-earning residents in neighborhoods reputably known as home to many who live off of welfare has caused rent in those areas to skyrocket. That upturn in the housing market in those areas signifies that in order to keep the lower income residents in the same location, the British government would have to pay more for their rent. This costs middle-class, working, taxpaying citizens to pay higher taxes, most of whom could not afford living in those areas themselves since the flood of upper class homes in the poorer inner city areas. Many in the UK are up in arms over the subject, as over 70% of people support a bill that would cap the amount the government would dole out to each resident each month for rent.