On 15 July 1099 the crusaders entered the city. Second Crusade 1147–1149 : A mamluk general, Imad-ed-din Zangi, had managed to unite enough Turks and Arabs in his army to attack the Christian kingdoms. Zangi did not take Jerusalem, but he did take the Syrian city of Edessa nearby. In Europe, people were very upset to learn that the Turks had taken Edessa. The Pope ordered Bernard of Clairvaux (in France) to preach a second crusade to take it back and defeat Zangi.
Launched by pope urban, with the primary goal of responding to an appeal from Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Komnenos, the first crusade was a military expedition by western Christianity to regain the holy lands taken in the Muslim conquest of the Levant ultimately resulting in the recapture of Jerusalem. Pope urban thought that it would be a good idea to get all men from the Christian world to travel to the east the fight the Turks. This would have helped Alexius, but Pope Urban actually really wanted, was to win back the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims. He made an
Eventually the Islamic empire was weakened from civil war and political issues. Their growth was eventually stopped by the Christians in 1492. During the conquest of Syria and Palestine, the Muslims captured the rich Syrian trade center Damascus in 635, which became their capitol and the location of the caliphs. One year later Islam had took control of the Mediterranean coast reaching from Palestine to the Taurus Mountains. Islamic leaders decided not to advance any farther north, because they were opposed to climbing over the Taurus Mountains, and were intimidated by the military strength of the Byzantine that would be in the middle of the empire.
Occurring predominantly in Europe and the Middle East, the Crusades began in 1095 and officially ended in 1291 (History.com staff, 2010). This being said, the causes can be traced back to 1081 when Alexius Comnenus gained the Byzantine throne, becoming Emperor Alexius I, after years of chaos and invasions by the Seljuk Turks (History.com staff, 2010). In due time Emperor Alexius would begin to set his sights on reclaiming the Holy Land from the Muslims. Seeing that this task would require more than the Byzantine’s men, he reached out to Pope Urban II of the Roman Catholic Church asking him for troops (History.com staff, 2010). The Pope made his decision public at the 1095 Council of Clermont in Southern France where he raised the proposal for all able Western Christians to raise arms to aid the Byzantines.
The crusades affected western culture because of their biblical practices that threatened it. By 1905, Urban II’s call for a crusade was only part of a larer shifting in theological interpretations and justification of warfare: the Reconquista in Spain, for instance, had been under way for over two centuries and was rooted in a re-fashioned understanding of just war theory. The explicit pilgrimage and warfare gave the First Crusade a unique potency that triggered widespread enthusiasm across feudal social boudaries. Pilgrimage was a common practice during Middle Ages and, given the perils of travel, pilgrims often armed themselves for defense. The ideology of the crusade, however, was one rooted in the practice redemptive pilgrimage as well as conquest.
The third crusade started when Saladin united the Muslims and advanced towards the Kingdom of Jerusalem. After a little war with the Christians, Jerusalem surrendered. Then began the 3rd crusade. This is when Philip 2, King Richard and Barbarosa united to bring this crusade to an end. These great rulers set out, each with a massive amount of armies, for the recovery of the holy city of Jerusalem.
Three Factors which Influenced the Crusades The Crusades began in 1095 and ended in 1291. They consisted of nine major wars involving Christians, Muslims, and Jews. They are renowned for showing the power that religion has to mobilize civilizations against each other. Besides religious reasons, which were predominant factors throughout all of the wars, social and economic elements were present as well. A primary cause of the Crusades was religious differences between the Muslims and the Christians.
By the year 1198, Europe had already completed three holy wars to accomplish their goal of recapturing Jerusalem. A new Pope, Innocence the third had been elected who called for a crusade to attempt to resolve the conflict between the Western Rulers by uniting them in a religious cause. Few responded to the Popes appeal until 1202, when there were enough recruits to begin the crusade. The original goal, to retake Jerusalem (like all the crusades), was changed due to intrigues within the Byzantine Empire and a lack of funding. The Crusaders came to an agreement with the City of Venice, which had been demanding payment for the 500 ships they provided for the crusade.
This was achieved by defeating the Muslims in 732 A.D in the famous Battle of Tours near Poitiers. He built an army of mounted men by seizing church estates and made many leaders subdue to him like: The Neustrians which was the western part of the Frankish kingdom at the battle of Ambleve which took place in 716 A.D and was led by King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid. He provided St. Boniface an Anglo –Saxon monk safety to carry out his Christianity mission in Thuringia, Alemania and Bavaria. After his death he was succeeded
The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns, called by the Pope, with the main goal of restoring Christian control of the Holy Land. The crusaders came from all over western Europe. The main series of Crusades occurred between 1095 and 1291, although many unnumbered crusades were taken up for various reasons. Although the Crusaders were succesful in taking the Holy land, they were unable to keep the land under Christian control. Crusades effected the English people politically, economically, and by exposing the Englishmen to new cultures.