The military expeditions planned and fought by western European Christians that began around 1095 are known today as the Crusades. The main purpose of these expeditions was to overtake and gain control of the Holy Land, Jerusalem, Pope Urban II initiated the first crusade. On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban preached to his followers outside the city of Clermont-Ferrand about the action, which needed to take place. Preaching words about how God wouledition. Small groups began to form, each planning their own path to Constantinople; that was where they would meet.
The Muslims over time learned the value of united action and in 1144A.D. they captured the city of Edessa. The fall of Edessa made people realize the dangers, which threatened Jerusalem and led to another crusade. The second crusade had a favorable outlook but an unhappy ending. Of the people that left a few thousand escaped annihilation at the hands of the Turks.
In this paper I will attempt to discover why the Crusades began, what where the motives, and have the Crusades furthered the cause of Christ. HISTORY The Crusades started during the time of the Middle Ages. The reason for the Crusades was to start war with the Muslims over the Holy Lands. Christians wanted to regain
He also appealed to Urban to go to the aid of the Christians that were being harassed by Muslims, he stressed to Pope Urban that many cities were under the control of the infidel (Muslims), especially Jerusalem. Urban called the Council of Clermont to discuss the matter further, once they were all together the Council lasted 10 days from the 18th of November to the 28th. Many things were discussed such as reforms of the church and the extended excommunication of Philip I of France for his adulterous marriage to Bertrade of Montford. On November 27th the Pope spoke of the problems in the East, he declared “bellum sacrum” against the Muslims that occupied the Holy land; it had now become a holy war. There are accounts of a speech made by Pope Urban II however, these were all written after the success of the first crusade so it is not, necessarily, reliable.
Young Alexius the 4th could not raise enough money for the crusaders so he was kidnapped and imprisoned. Alexis the 5th was stricter and decided to not allow the crusaders in. Mourthzouphlos decided to launch an attack on the Venetian fleet and the ships were destroyed. Almost none of the crusaders ever made it to the Holy Land, and the unstable Latin Empire siphoned off much of Europe's crusading energy and Byzantine could not
It provided a technological advantage, and was responsible for many key Byzantine military victories, most notably the salvation of Constantinople from two Arab sieges, thus securing the Empire's survival. Iconoclasm- is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments. Religious controversy in the byzantine empire in the 8th century the emperor attempted to suppress veneration. Vladimir I- was a prince of Novgorod, grand prince of Kiev, and ruler of Kievan Rus' from 980 to 1015 Vladimir's father was prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty he convered the kindom to christanity. Boyars- A member of a class of higher Russian nobility that until the time of Peter I headed the civil and military administration of the country and participated in an early duma .Russian
Gregory the Great and the Rise of the Medieval Papacy * Brief Introduction * Gregory’s early life * His appointment as a Deacon in Constantinople forms the basis for his ruling in Rome: the idea that there will be no help from Constantinople or the Eastern empire in defending the city from barbarian attacks. This state of my grows out of necessity and practicality, yet leads to a very strong papal presence that strengthens papal authority in the church and sets an example for years to come. * Liber Pastoralis Curae * This is the book that Gregory wrote upon being forced into the Papacy in 590. I think it is worth noting because it details exactly Gregory thinks a Bishop should be and how he should rule: it is
It can be assumed, however, that Christianity would have continued to flourish in the Middle East and Asia if the Mongols who had invaded in the 12th century had not thoroughly converted to Islam by the 13th. Being more inclined to dominate rather than coexist, the Mongols had at first they set out to destroy any hint of Islam in the area. However, after their conversion, these Muslim Mongols became determined to bring about the destruction of the Christian population that had been vitally influential to the Asian and Muslim cultures for so many centuries. Small, rural populations of Christians would survive in China until the Ming Dynasty began in 1368 and the regime set out on a campaign to return China to its traditional beliefs and
The Crusades took place between the 11th and 13th centuries. They were a series of religious military campaigns. They began after Islamic Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire and took control of Christian Holy Lands and the Christian church. In response Pope Urban II
The First Crusade and the Propagation of Religion The First Crusade was a military attempt by Roman Catholic Europe to regain control over the Holy Lands of Jerusalem, in which the Muslims had taken control of in 661. During this crusade, knights and peasants from many areas of Western Europe went on this pilgrimage, first stopping at Constantinople and then continuing on to Jerusalem. In the group of crusaders, the peasants greatly out numbered the military knights. Many crusaders did not make it the long journey, and the lasting crusaders were mostly the knights, as they were better trained and prepared for such combat. Once the Knights reached Jerusalem, they took control by ransacking every building and torturing and killing almost all of the 60,000 unarmed civilians living in Jerusalem.