Influenza A virus Infects multiple hosts – aquatic (grab rest from crhsis) Influenza A naming Virus type – origin – strain number - year of isolation – virus subtype Influenza C – infects pigs and humans Almost excuslisvng a human pathogen B and C Causes mild illness and may causes local epidemeics Antigenic drift – RNA dependent RNA polymerase No proofreading function Highly error prone 1 – every 10 000 nucleotides 1 errror each new virion = mutant viruses andDRIFT slight mutant change occurs in influenza A B C Antigentic Shift Reassortment event 2 different viruses or strains that ocme togethert to form a new viral subtypre occur sonly with flu A – result of large host rane – great chance of combo results in
In 1997, autopsies of people who died of the Spanish Flu in the early 1900’s, appear to have a strain of H1N1 traced in their bodies. This means that H1N1 could have occurred along the side with the Spanish Flu of 1918 and possibly aid in the killing of its victims. The second similarity between the Spanish Flu of 1918 and H1N1 is that both influenza first occurred in the Springtime. Since the Spanish Flu of 1918 appeared out of nowhere, and the lack of medical treatment, the amount of deaths may be higher in the Spanish Flu because of this. In conclusion, there are many similarities and differences between the Spanish Flu of 1918 and the H1N1 pandemics.
The tick exposure has not been recognized. The outbreak might be warm or itch. The rash—erythema migrans (EM)-generally grows within 3-30 days and usually begins round, red patch that expand. About 75% of patients with Lyme disease develop EM. Clearing may take place from the center out, leaving a bull's-eye effect; in some cases, the center gets redder instead of clearing.
Some of the most deadly diseases and devastating epidemics in human history have been caused by bacteria. Cholera Diphtheria Dysentery Plague Pneumonia Tuberculosis Typhoid Typhus VIRUSES A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to bacteria and archaea. The average virus is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium. Most viruses are too small to be seen directly with an optical microscope.
Cause of the outbreak was a decreased vaccination rate. In 1989 the US went to two vaccines schedule. 2-5% of Children fail to respond to the first dose. The 2 dose schedule increases it to about a 99% efficacy. (CDC;2012) Route of transmission- Measles is only spread by humans it is a highly contagious airborne viral disease spread through the respiratory route.
They are commonly found as spores and molds in the environment and as yeast in humans. 008.1 ac[1.2] identify common illnesses and infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites Common illnesses caused by bacteria include chlamydia and Salmonella; these are caused by harmful bacteria, which are also known as pathogenic bacteria. The human body will try and fight these off but they can also be treated with antibiotics if deemed appropriate. Common illnesses caused by viruses include the common cold and flu. Although you can have a flu vaccination there is currently no vaccination for a cold.
Audience Hook A problem exists in the fact that according to the ( NVIC) fewer than 1% of all adverse vaccine reactions are ever reported, this fact is substantiated by the problem of “underreporting” vaccine injuries according to the joint operated site by the CDC and Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) (Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System [VAERS], 2011). Thesis Statement Research claims that receiving the flu vaccine exposes people to a number of dangerous chemicals that have been known to cause multiple side effects, disease conditions, and deaths. First Major Point and Evidence The U.S. Government’s public health agency, the CDC, pledges “to base all public health decisions on the highest quality scientific data openly and objectively derived” (Doshi, 2013, Marketing vaccines, Para 1). Peter Doshi, a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University School of medicine, argues that in the case of influenza vaccines and their marketing this is not the case. He believes that the vaccine might
The origins of this deadly variant of the influenza virus are not precisely known. It is thought to have originated in China in a rare genetic shift of the common influenza virus. The name “Spanish” flu came from the early affliction and large mortalities in Spain where it allegedly killed more than 8 million people in May. A first wave of influenza appeared early in the spring of 1918 in Kansas and in military camps around the U.S. Unfortunately, there was virtually no response or acknowledgement from anyone to these early
With the right set of conditions, necrotizing fasciitis is a real risk and can cause severe damage. t is most commonly transferred by respiratory droplets or direct contact with secretions of someone carrying Strep A. For instance, a person carrying a Strep A bacteria might not even show symptoms or become ill at all. They cough or sneeze, another person picks up the bacteria on their hands or directly at the point of a wound and the infection occurs. The NF patient is not likely to be contagious, and inanimate objects are unlikely to be points of
Influenza is spread from person to person by coughs and sneezes, but the virus doesn't begin its journey in a human host. Instead, wild aquatic birds such as ducks and shore birds perpetuate the influenza viruses that cause human pandemics. Although these birds carry the genes for influenza in their intestines, they usually don't become sick from the virus. And because they can migrate thousands of miles, the healthy birds can spread the virus across the globe even before the microbe makes contact with the human population. As it happens, the form of the virus found in wild birds doesn't replicate well in human beings, and so it must first move to an intermediate host--usually domestic fowl or swine--that drinks water contaminated by the