Anatomy and Physiology Assignment 2 – Essay The Lymphatic System The lymphatic system has three primary functions. It drains excess interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returns it to the blood, enabling circulatory blood volume to be maintained; transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract; and is responsible for the body’s adaptive (specific) immunity, ie. defences against microbes that breach its innate (non-specific) immunity (eg. skin, fever, inflammation): it adjusts or adapts to perform specific responses to specific microbes. In this essay, I will focus on the lymph nodes, particularly their role in adaptive immunity, and how they relate to the lymphatic system as a whole,
C.) Eukaryotic organelles are enclosed by lipid membranes. There are those that have double-membrane compartments such as chloroplast and mitochondria among others. Single-membrane compartment organelles include endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. However, Ribosomes do not have a membrane. The breakdown of the membranes of these structures, affect the function of his heart cells because lysosomal enzymes which are normally bound safely inside vesicles will digest the plasma membranes and the membranes of the organelles.
A drug administered systemically relies on the circulatory system to take it to the site of action and to other tissues in the body. After absorption into blood, most drugs must leave the bloodstream and enter the site of action to exert their effect. For a drug administered topically (nonsystemically), entry into or exit from the blood is not necessary. Topical drugs merely need to travel a short distance from the site of administration (i.e., the skin surface for dermal administration) to the site of action (i.e., dermis). However, it is possible for topical drugs to enter the systemic circulation and cause side effects.
Lumbricalis variegates cardio vascular system has a myogenic nature(myogenic-depolarisation impulses for heartbeats originating in muscle cells), the dorsal and ventral blood vessels have peristaltic pumps (Halfmann & Crisp 2011). The chemicals chosen as the treatment is ethanol and nicotine, it is assumed that ethanol will slow the pulse rate in the cardio vascular system and that nicotine will speed it up, because of these stimulant and depressant nature. Materials & Method: * Blackworms Lumbricalis variegates (35) * Petri dishes (8) * Pipettes (8) * Paper towel * Recovery bowl * Microscope * Stopwatch * Slides
Urinary and Reproductive Systems Dissection Urinary System Kidney The kidneys are paired organs with several functions. They are an essential part of the urinary system and serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, and regulation of blood pressure. They serve the body as a natural filter of the blood, and remove wastes, which are diverted to the urinary bladder. In producing urine, the kidneys excrete wastes such as urea and ammonium; the kidneys also are responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, and amino acids. The kidneys also produce hormones including calcitriol, renin, and erythropoietin.
The movement of water leads to dramatic changes in the volumes of the two compartments. Osmosis in red blood cells affects the tonicity of the cells. Tonicity refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume (Marieb 2013). Changes in the concentration of water on either side of the cell membrane result in a net loss or gain of water by the cell (Marieb 2013). If cells are exposed to a solution that has the same solute/water concentration as inside the cells, the solution is said to be isotonic.
Mineralocorticoids, mostly aldosterone, are essential to regulation of electrolyte concentrations of extracellular fluids. 2. Aldosterone secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotensin mechanism, fluctuating blood concentrations of sodium and potassium ions, and secretion of ACTH. 3. Glucocorticoids are released in response to stress through the action of ACTH.
The CFTR protein allows chloride ions to exit mucus producing cells and water molecules to follow the chloride ions out. When the process is normal, mucus is of normal consistency. However, when chloride ions are trapped and water cannot escape, mucus becomes thick and sticky. The result is the disease we call cystic
(Cruising science) - High concentration DDT is found in human milk. (Cruising science) - The kidneys and liver stores lower concentration DDT. (Cruising science) - Once DDT is in the hormone it then acts as an estrogen mimic. (Cruising science and MDhealth.com, 2015) B: - DDT also enters the plasma membrane due to its lipid solubility. (MDhealth.com, 2015) - This causes cell leaking of sodium and potassium ions.
The Effect of Diffusion and Osmosis on Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions. Introduction: In order to maintain homeostasis, a cell must be able to transport materials back and forth across the membrane due to the fact that cell membranes are selectively permeable. Selectively permeable means that some substances can pass through the membrane while others cannot, like glucose, proteins and carbohydrates. Both solutes and solvents may cross the cell membrane. Solutes meaning: the substance that is being dissolved, while solvents meaning: substance being dissolved into, much like diffusion.