With the use of this technique we placed chlorine, bromine, and iodine into solutions containing chloride, bromide, and iodide. In the reaction the free halogen (X2) oxidizes the other halide ion (Y-) and gets reduced by gaining electron(s). In table 3, chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent and iodine was the weakest oxidizing agent. Since chlorine was the strongest oxidizing agent it will react more and the weak agent will react less. This explanation can be demonstrated in table 3 also because the results of the reactions demonstrates that chloride reacted more by the color of the product compared to the color of chloride in the mineral oil.
The green colored ink went from blue to green to yellowish. (5 points) Score 2. Compare the effectiveness of each of the four kinds of solvents. Answer: The water and water-alcohol were the most efficient solvents. The reason I believe they were the most effective am because they both caused the inks to spread out the furthest amount.
The purpose of this lab was to use a spectroscope to analyze the light produced by different light sources. We looked at six different light sources through the spectroscope, including incandescent light, helium, neon, mercury, nitrogen, and fluorescent light. When viewing these light sources through the spectroscope we could see different types of spectra. Spectrum is a band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light. The different types of spectra are continuum spectrum, absorption spectrum, and emission spectrum.
New York,, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. In the example of photochemistry, which is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemistry effects on lights, photosynthesis works the same way. With the progression of pigmentation needing light, without this molecule, the principle of photochemistry would not be able to absorb any wavelengths. Photosynthesis works the same way. Absorption through light, the development of chlorophyll sets in motion the process of a rapid (photon) pigmentation state, allocating energy to an electron from the chlorophyll molecules .Compatible energy from the photon transfers itself from the atom within the head of the
This is the molecule which makes photosynthesis possible, by passing its energized electrons on to molecules which will manufacture sugars. All plants, algae, and cyanobacteria which photosynthesize contain chlorophyll "a". A second kind of chlorophyll is chlorophyll "b", which occurs only in “green algae” and in the plants. Bibliography: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/pigments.html Conclusion: I learned various things from this lab. For instance, I learned how pigments absorbed strongly move slowly and pigments absorbed weakly move the fastest.
The results showed that tube 2 had the fastest rate of reaction; this tube was exposed to the neutral pH of 7. The results showed that tube 3 had the second to fastest reaction time; this tube was exposed to the more basic pH of 9. Tube 4 was the control tube and reacted the third fastest. The conclusion of the experiment is that the enzyme catecholase and its substrate catechol react the most efficiently in their most optimum pH level of 7, which is neutral. The catecholase enzyme and its substrate catechol cannot react in a pH level of 3, which is too acidic.
The 337 nm pulse laser excites the 1-pyrenemethylamine while the oscilloscope measures the light intensity being emitted from the sample over time. Results and Discussion Figure 2: Absorption spectra of 1-pyrenemethylamine in various
Marcel Voracka – Mexoryl Homework This case has to do with an ingredient Mexoryl SX that the company Loreal uses in two of their products. It is an ingredient that blocks out UVA rays from your skin, instead of only UVB rays like most other sunscreens. This is very important because UVA rays damage cells, DNA, and generate harmful free radicals, among other things. This can lead to skin deterioration and various types of skin cancer. This product has an advantage over the competition because it is one of the few and also the most effective UVA blockers on the market.
Among four types of surfactants, partially hydrolyzed PVA is most frequent used because it gives the smallest microsheres (Jeffrey et al, 1991). The amount of PVA used may affect microparticles properties. Freitas and coworkers have added 1.3% and 8% of PVA into an aqueous solution and found that both lower and higher concentrations of surfactant results in coagulation of the particles. Hence, these authors suggested to use 3% of PVA as it the most optimum concentration. (Freitas and Marchetti,
These amazing organisms are capable of capturing the energy of sunlight and fixing it in the form of potential chemical energy in organic compounds.” (Measuring the rate of photosynthesis) “Light is one of the main factors that affects the rate of photosynthesis, which literally means using light to create something new.” (What Are Three Factors That Affect the Rate Which Photosynthesis Occurs?) This experiment was to compare how the Elodea photosynthesized when absorbing different colors of light, and to measure the absorbance from 500 nm of wavelength to 750 nm. Based on three types of pigments that are present in plants: chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins, it was predicted that both of the rates of photosynthesis and the absorbance of different wavelengths were high under the colors of violet-blue or orange-red, while rates were low under the light color of green-yellow. Materials and Procedures: The materials used for this experiment were as follows: Elodea leaves (that have been kept in the dark), spinach leaves, blender, cheesecloth, spectrophotometer, cuvettes, beakers, large test tube, 5% sodium bicarbonate, Kimwipes, razor blade, tape, 100 mL graduated cylinder, graduated pipettes with rubber tubings, light source, ring stands and clamps, cellpphane paper. In activity 2a, green test tube was clamped to a ring stand, and filled three quarters to the top with 5% sodium bicarbonate.