A cognitive process that takes place in a social context where it is not purely behavioral. Attention is needed in social learing for a person observes, recollect the observed deportment, capacity to imitate the behavior , and motivation to act the same way. Bandura also had outlined three types of modeling concepts. Social learning was used to explain aggression and criminal behavior sociologists. (Bandura, 1973).
Stage 1 is attention, the observer pays attention to the model, stage 2 is memory, this is an effect of how much attention was given to the models behaviour, if the observer remembers the behaviour enough then the behaviour will be recalled, the observer also assesses their own ability and asked themselves if they are capable of carrying out that particular behaviour. Finally the observer is more likely to imitate if they are vaciourusaly reinforced, this is when the model is seen to receive a reward for their behaviour. Some behaviours may not be imitated this is because of vacirous punishment. The observer may see the model being punished for their behaviour and will therefore not imitate it, as they wish to avoid being in trouble. Behaviour is more likely to be repeated if it is rewarded by someone usually a parent, or
There are many assumptions of behaviorists. According to Innovative Learning one of these assumptions is the thought that free will is illusory and that all behavior is determined by the environment either through association or reinforcement. It is the educator’s task to reinforce appropriate behavior. Though behavior modification one can manipulate the environment to increase the changes of the desired behavior. According to Bastable when a behaviorist wants to modify people’s attitudes and responses they will change the stimulus conditions in the environment of change what happens after a response occurs.
In this method of behavior modification, an operant uses a stimulus, an operant response, and a reinforcer. These three objects combined effect the chance of the behavior recurring. B.F. Skinner created the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is established on produced behavior or operant behavior; whereas, behavior provoked by a known stimulus is known as respondent behavior (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2009). The general idea behind Skinner’s operant conditioning is that when naturally occurring behavior is exhibited, positive or negative reinforcement can escalate the chances of that particular behavior to occur repeatedly.
Discuss one social psychological theory of aggression One social psychological explanation of aggression is the social learning theory which is the idea that we learn certain behaviours through observing others this has been proposed by Albert Bandura. He believes that there is a process we all go through before repeating a behaviour we have learned, this is when mental representation comes into play, whether the observer sees the behaviour as being right or wrong, if the behaviour is rewarded it is seen as vicarious reinforcement and enhances the chances of the behaviour being repeated however if the behaviour is punished the chances of it being repeated is slim. Bandura believes the modelling process consists of four stages that enhance the repetition of the observed behaviour, such as attention, retention, reproduction and motivation. The observer needs to have full attention on the behaviour being acted out if they do this they will be able to go through the stage of retention, allowing them to store the information and later being able to reproduce the behaviour being learned. If the behaviour concluded in positive reinforcement you are more likely to have the motivation to repeat it rather than suppress it.
Behaviourists are convinced that behaviour is determined by conditioning and this can be reinforced by positive or negative rewards. Positive rewards will ensure that the behaviour will be repeated while negative rewards will lead to ceasing of that behaviour. The early behaviourists were even claiming that if given neutral youngsters they would be able to mould them into ways of behaving suited for a particular purpose. It is here where psychoanalysts would argue that human behaviour cannot be measured or just reduced to stimulus response. Both behaviourists and psychoanalysts would deny the existence of a free will.
4. The Porter-Lawler Theory of Motivation * Hypothesizes that felt needs cause human behavior and that motivation strength is determined primarily by the perceived value of the result of performing the behavior
Within this framework of motivational process, Bandura focuses on three separate theories, which cause motivation including “attribution theory, expectancy-value theory, and goal theory”. In attribution theory, ones sees successes and failures as a result of his or her personal behavior. Expectancy –value theory originates from the concept that people’s actions are motivated by their belief of what they think that they are capable of achieving, and the belief that their actions will produce the outcome that they expected. In the concept of goal theory, Bandura shows that people “seek self-satisfaction from valued goal”. This theory stresses that people will work more diligently when a goal is set for them to obtain.
Sorob Wadood p. 2 FRQ Rewrite A. Skinners Operant Conditioning is a type of learning in which an individuals behavior is modified by its consequences; the behavior may change in form, frequency, or strength. B. Banduras social learning theory is a perspective that stated people learn through social context. It is facilitated through concepts such as observational learning and modeling. People, especially children learn from environment and through influential models. C.Ainsworths attachment theory describes long term relationships between humans.
The aim is to link responses and consequences that arise from the human behavior, how these behaviors relate directly to the environment that a human being is immediately placed. Applications of operant conditioning will be analyzed to bring to sense the main idea behind the theory. Introduction Operant conditioning, also referred to instrumental conditioning refers to a learning method through punishment and appraisal for a behavior. Operant conditioning enables an individual to be associated with a behavior and the consequences that come with the behavior. B.F. Skinner is the coiner of operational conditioning, this being the reason why it’s occasionally referred to as Skinnerian conditioning.