The political orientation of the researchers was liberal, and the research method was the mapping of social inequalities in educational outcomes using quantitative techniques to measure social mobility. Such an approach was 'liberal' in that inequality was opposed but its source was not, unlike the Marxists, located in the social structure. Modern societies were seen as inherently progressive and it was only archaic elements, such as class, that inhibits progress. Modification of these difficulties would produce restructure. The difficulty with this approach, as it later became clear, was that the problems identified by liberal sociologists set many educators to work in opposition to working class cultural practices.
Many lower class citizens are at or below the poverty line and are have and unavoidable disadvantages and poorer chances to discover life’s possibilities. Regardless of the potential and ambition that a lower class individual could possess, he or she will not be given opportunities to succeed like a higher class individual. People who are considered lower class do not have access to many of the resources like a wealthier societies do. Based on their economic situation, they automatically start behind the eight ball. Wealthier societies have exceptional educational services which include better teachers, utilities, and curriculum, whereas poorer societies just get by on the bare minimum.
* Aimed to improve conditions for the working class as Stalin believed the revolution was a working class one, and had seen how the peasants prospered but the working class did not under the NEP. NEP was a very slow industrialising plan, a new approach was needed as oil, coal, steel, iron and copper production was at a low level compared to other European countries. * Believed to be possible due to the fake ‘successes’ of collectivisation. * Stalin aimed to build a reputation that would surpass Lenin and show that he was against right-wing policies like the NEP of Bukharin. * Series of targets drawn up by the State Planning Committee, very extensive but the officials who set the targets had only a sketchy knowledge of the factory they were dealing with.
This informed liberals that the ‘welfare’ that the poor law provided, was not working. It could be said that this led to the introduction of reform acts in order to tackle the poverty felt by the young and the old. The Old Age Pensions Act was introduced in 1908 and provided the over 70’s with income to tackle their poverty. It was far more dignified than the provisions provided to the elderly prior to this as, unlike the poor law, it provided no shame to the people. One of the Acts passed to aid children was the Administrative Provision Act which appealed to the idea of National efficiency.
The movement was based around the six-point charter, which though was classed by many liberals as fair and democratic it can be argued that it was too radical for the time period 1836-58 thus being the reason as why Chartism failed. However in Source 6 Robert Ellis argues that though Chartism failed to achieve its primary aims, it united the working-class and produced the ability to of the working-class to “be organised on an unprecedented scale in support of a political programme. Source 6 further expresses how Chartism succeeded with producing “improvements in literacy and communication” strengthening the position of the working class people. Political dissatisfaction had built up amongst the working and middle class in Britain during the industrial revolution in the 19th Century. As a result of lack of political equality and social justice, in June 1840 the National Chartist Association was formed and the first stage of Chartism commenced.
Economic factors such as the ever improving state of the economy was also improving the cracks in society, improving lives for most and allowing ideas to spread more easily. The deep rooted social divisions quite clearly showed that the nation was not united. Germany was still a hierarchy with those at the top being hugely better off compared to those at the bottom. The wealth and social divide was massive with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. These divisions existed since before the unification but yet weren’t improved, in fact they were getting worse with the divides getting bigger and people feeling more abandoned and worse off.
He claims that there is not much of the American dream left and that “we’ve become a hapless, can’t-do society, and it’s frankly, embarrassing” (Herbert, 566). He blames the poor policies, decline of the educational system, and the costly wars we cannot afford for our country’s loss of the idolized perception we have of the American dream. He defines the American dream as jobs provided for all who want to work and provide salaries large enough to allow employees to have a decent standard of living. Herbert urges the idea that raising taxes will help the issue of inequality amongst Americas classes and will help us pay for the wars overseas. Robert H. Frank, author of “Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore”, supports Herbert’s beliefs.
Although this policy failed, it was an attempt to settle issues by concession and compromise rather than by war. 3. A.J.P Taylor said the 1930s can be summed up in two short phrases, the two sides of life did not join up: Mass unemployment and appeasement. But at the same time, most English people were enjoying a richer life than any previously known- Longer Holidays, shorter working hours, and higher real wages. They had motor cars, cinemas, radio sets, and electrical appliances.
There has been no public outcry, “no movement loud or sustained enough to command political attention” (para. 6) and systemic change. That silence he attributes to greed and to “a failure of imagination” (para 7), the inability of writers and artists and filmmakers to move the public to fear, anger, or even shame, and so
Some believe that wage inequality was caused by educated people versus uneducated people. Many positions search for certain skills and if you happen to be in the right place at the right time then you would receive a position with a decent wage. The wage inequality for the building industry is based off of the fairness of wages paid to all involved. Even when the building industry is booming the wages generally stay the same and do not increase. This is because of the illegal immigrants that will quickly fill any openings and work for lower wages.