This involves two forms of conditioning which are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is based on the research that Pavlov carried out. Classical conditioning is when individuals learn to associate things with specific experiences. This association is automatic – individuals are not aware of it. Operant conditioning is based on the research that skinner carried out.
Skinner – Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
The teacher was told that the object of the experiment was to study the effects of punishment on learning. They are also told that their role in the experiment was to read word lists to the learner and the learner must remember the second word from a list of word pairs they had read earlier. If the learner got the answer wrong, then the teacher was told to administer shocks, for each answer that the learner got wrong, and the shocks had to increase in intensity. The teacher is unaware of the fact that the learner is actually an actor, and receives no shock. The experiments, involving the Undergrad students from Yale, resulted in 60
Beck’s cognitive therapy aims to change people’s |Building on the basic processes of learning, behavioral |Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unresolved past | |Approach |illogical thoughts about themselves and the world. |treatment approaches make this fundamental assumption: |conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious | | |However, cognitive therapy is considerably less |Both abnormal behavior and normal behavior are learned. |into the conscious, where patients may deal with the | | |confrontational and challenging than rational-emotive |People who act abnormally either have failed to learn the |problems more effectively. Psychodynamic approaches are | | |behavior therapy. Instead of the therapist’s actively |skills they need to cope with the problems of everyday |based on Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to personality, | | |arguing with clients about their dysfunctional cognitions,|living or have acquired faulty skills and patterns that |which holds that individuals employ defense mechanisms, | | |cognitive therapists more often play the role of teacher.
Psychologists then use their understanding of learning and behavior to treat psychological disorders and addictions. Concepts of learning and behavior are used in various parenting styles. Finally, our knowledge also applied to develop more effective curriculums or training programs for children versus adults. 2) How is prejudice developed and nurtured through classical and operant conditioning? Give specific examples that demonstrate each kind of learning.
Skinner studied the effects both positive and negative reinforcement had on rats. Skinner studied the effects of positive reinforcement (adding to a situation) by placing hungry rats in a box which contained a lever that if touched would release a food pellet into the box. Skinner found that the positive reinforcement of releasing the pellet every time the rat pushed the lever strengthened their behavior by providing a consequence that the rats found rewarding, this will therefore increase the chances that this behavior will occur in the future1. In order to test negative reinforcement (removing from a situation), Skinner administered unpleasant electric shocks to the rats, but when the touched the lever in the Skinner box the electric shock would be switched off1. Skinner found that the removal of a negative reinforcer also strengthened behavior and increased the likelihood that it will occur in the future3.
Operant Conditioning Paper Johnny Williams PSY/390 July 9, 2012 Gary Burk Operant Conditioning Paper Operant conditioning is defined as a method of learning with the intention of rewards and punishments that solely depends on a person’s behavior. Through the process of operant conditioning, a correlation is completed flanked by a behavior and an end result for that behavior. Operant conditioning was first introduced by a behaviorist by the name of B.F.Skinner. As a behaviorist, Skinner understood that inner thoughts and motivations could not be utilized to give reasons for behavior. In its place, he then went further to recommend that, we as humans ought to come across only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
The last thing that B. F. Skinner was learning was that, to speed up the response acquisition during operant conditioning is to reinforce successive approximations to desired responses. This approach was called shaping. We might first reward the rat for turning toward the response bar. Once the rat has learned this behavior, we might withhold reinforcement until the rat moves towards the bar. Later we might reward it only for sniffing the bar or touching it with its nose or paw.
Running head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning January 29, 2011 Abstract Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a behavioral modification process in which a subject learns to respond in a particular manner to a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) repeatedly paired with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that induces a response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus produces the same response (the conditioned response) without the initial neutral stimulus present (Terry, 2009, p. 52). A recognized classical conditioning experiment, performed by Russian born physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, is Pavlov’s salivary experiment performed on dogs. The experiment demonstrates how a neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), repeatedly paired with a stimulus (food (US)), induces a response (salivating (UR)), until the neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), produces the same response (salivating (CR)), without the presence of the initial stimulus (food (US)) (Cherry, 2012). The factors (bell ringing, presence of food) of Pavlov’s experiment are just two factors in the classical conditioning response. Conventional classical conditioning response theory embraces the principles that the origin of the neutral stimulus is unimportant.
The notion of “Classical Conditioning” as advocated by Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner and J.B Watson suggests that individuals learn through providing an external stimuli to a particular activity to gain a desired response. Behaviourists such as these concluded in their experiments that when the external stimuli is then applied to a learner without that activity taking place, then the same response can be gained and “taught”. Pavlov showed effectively that he was able to condition or “teach” dogs to salivate (the desired response) at the sound of a bell (the external stimuli) when that bell was previously rang at the same time as food was presented (the particular activity). Such schools of thought have lost favour since the 1960’s in favour of other theories outlined later, largely because many of the experiments conducted by Pavlov et. Al.