Both types of conditioning result in the inheritance of behavior (Corey, text). One of the most famous of experiments that illustrates classical conditioning is Pavlov’s Dogs. In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell (Corey, text). The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desiresd response when presented alone.
Once Pavlov saw this, he stopped studying dog digestion and decided study what is now known as classical conditioning (Heffner, 2004). Pavlov started out pairing the ringing of a bell with food whenever he would feed the dogs. As a result, the dogs began to drool whenever they heard the sound of the bell. When the dogs salivate in the presents of food, the two are called an unconditioned stimulus (food) and an unconditioned response (salivating) (Heffner, 2004). With classical conditioning the conditioned stimulus is the tone, the reinforcement is the unconditioned stimulus, and the unconditioned response is the salivation (Olson; Hergenhahn, 2009).
The scenario will be explained and a chart will be complied that will demonstrate how classical conditioning applies to this scenario. Classical Conditioning Theory Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is the founder of the classical conditioning theory. Pavlov, a Russian psychologist was studying the secretion of stomach acids and salivation of dogs when they were presented with different kinds and different amounts of food (Feldman, 2010). While doing so, Pavlov noticed that the amount of salivation would often increase when the dogs had not eaten any food. The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010).
Usually it is when a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a responsive stimulus. Afterwards a more previously neutral stimulus is then paired with the more naturally occurring stimulus. The outcome is that the previously neutral stimulus comes in to evoke and the response is without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The most common names given to the two following elements are known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned responses. Classical conditioning came to life through the hard work and dedication from the well world renowned investigations of Psychologist Ivan Pavlov.
In this experiment, the unconditioned stimulus is the dog food as it produces an unconditioned response, saliva. The conditioned stimulus is the ringing bell and it produces a conditioned response of the dogs producing saliva. Thus we can see that such repetition and pairing influences significantly on behavior. Later another experiment by Watson and Rayner showed that this classical conditioning theory is equally applicable for us human. In his experiment he used Little Albert a 9-month-old infant.
Assignment 1: Asses the 6 psychological perspectives Explain and assess all 6 of the psychological perspectives you have learnt. Behaviourist – Ivan Pavlov conducted an experiment called ‘Classical Conditioning’. At first, the Russian physiologist was working on an investigation of a dog’s digestive system, and the amount of salvation levels towards food. He had the dog in a harness, and a test tube under the dog’s mouth to collect the saliva. However, every time the dog saw the experimenter, the dog had already started to salivate before it came close to eating the food; this was unusual.
Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. What is Classical Conditioning? Classical conditioning is the way we develop responses to certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring, e.g. when we touch a hot stove our reflex is to pull our hand back. It does so instinctively and no learning is involved, it is merely a survival instinct.
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
There are myriad of studies which help to explain that awareness can impact to a large extent the response to the conditioned stimulus. Clark & Squire, (1998), in their article: ‘‘Classical Conditioning and Brain Systems: the Role of Awareness’’ argue that ‘‘evidence exists in their suggestive studies that indicate that there is consistency with the position that awareness is necessary but not sufficient for conditioned performance’’ (p. 77). A cursory look at the authors’ argument reveals that Shimp, (1991) was wrong that awareness violates the principles of classical conditioning. While
By looking at the rational thinking of biological psychology the levels of rational decisions decrease when the brain loses control over its function (Breedlove, Rosenzqeig and Watson, 2007). 3. Name one to three important theorists associated with biological psychology. ‘To start there was Bandura who was the founder of behavioral cognitive theory (Friedman and Kreibig, 2010). Second is Pavlov who used research dogs to base classical conditioning of the behaviorist theory (Friedman, 2010).