Introduction When the oxygen supply runs short in heavy or prolonged exercise, muscles obtain most of their energy from anaerobic process called glycolysis. Yeast cellls obtain energy under anaerobic conditions using a very similar process called alcoholic fermentation. Glycolysis is the chemical breakdown of glucose to lactic acid. This process makes energy available for cell activity in the form of a high-energy phosphate compound known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Alcoholic fermentation is identical to glycolysis except for the final step.
Carbohydrate is the universal energy cell. Carbohydrate breakdown, glycogen serves as a source of glucose for your cells, your tissues, including your brain and muscles use glucose as a source of energy to support metabolic functioning. When your body requires glucose your liver and muscle breakdown their glycogen stores releasing glucose. Some glucose may be used directly in your liver and muscles while other glucose is released into your blood stream and used throughout body. Lipid break down, your body can breakdown triglycerides as a source of energy.
Yeast can metabolize sugar in two ways, aerobically, with the aid of oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen. The net equation for more than two dozen steps involved in the aerobic respiration of glucose is: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 --> 6H2O (g) + energy (36-38 ATP + Heat) But when yeast ferment sugars anaerobically, CO2 production will cause a change in the pressure of a closed test tube system, since no oxygen is being consumed. We can monitor this pressure as an indication of the rate of anaerobic respiration & metabolic activity of the organism. A gas pressure sensor will be used to monitor the fermentation of the sugar. The net equation for the ten steps involved in anaerobic respiration of glucose is: C6H12O6 (aq) --> 2CH3CH2OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + energy (2 ATP + Heat) Both alcoholic fermentation and aerobic respiration are multi-step processes that involve the transfer of energy stored in the chemical bonds of a metabolite (usually glucose) to bonds in ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
There are two types of respiration: Aerobic (using oxygen) and Anaerobic (no oxygen). Aerobic respiration produces carbon dioxide and water and releases energy. The equation is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy ATP A cell cannot get its energy directly from glucose, so during respiration the energy released from the breakdown of glucose is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is made from the nucleotide base adenine, combined with a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups. It carries energy around the cell to where it’s needed.
Catalase is a substance which is produced by the liver to break down hydrogen peroxide. The reaction for the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide is as follows- 2H2O2 (liquid)—catalase --- 2H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas) Hydrogen Peroxide is a clear liquid which is commonly used as bleach and as disinfectants or antiseptic. Even cells in our body produce Hydrogen Peroxide as a part of the Immune system to kill bacteria. In this experiment, the effect of different concentrations of the Hydrogen Peroxide solution on the 2 different types of catalase given was investigated. The paper discs were dipped in the samples given, one being a Yeast solution and the other a Catalase solution.
Respiration is often summarised as: ‘glucose + oxygen react to form carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)’. Criticise this summary and give a more detailed account of the respiratory process. The first point to be noted is that this is only a summary (accurate or otherwise) of aerobic respiration. A similar summary for anaerobic respiration could read: Glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide + Ethanol (in plants) or Lactate (in animals) (+ energy) Aerobic respiration is in fact a highly complex metabolic process comprising of at least 30 steps. There are 3 main processes that comprise respiration: glycolysis; the Krebs cycle; and the respiratory chain.
In the process, aerobic respiration creates a substance known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is responsible for storing and carrying most of the energy to other body cells [1]. Aerobic respiration can be summarized by the following equation: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) On the other hand, anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration involves the incomplete breakdown of glucose. It releases around 5% of the energy released by aerobic respiration, per molecule of glucose.
Deficiency of the enzyme lactase (common in adult mammals) prevents cleavage of the glycosidic link in lactose during digestion. Instead, anaerobic bacteria in the large intestine ferment this sugar, producing gas, abdominal discomfort and bloating. What gas is formed and what metabolic byproduct(s) also are released into the large intestine? b) Briefly describe the differences between the polysaccharides….. i) amylopectin and glycogen ii) amylose and chitin 2. (10 points) The catabolic cycle called glycolysis is the most universal energy-producing metabolic pathway for organisms that live on or near the earth’s surface.
Hypothesis My hypothesis is that the volume of carbon dioxide released from the yeast will be high when it is respiring with glucose and fructose, but with lactose, as it is a disaccharide and the yeast does not contain the enzyme lactase, which is needed to break lactose down. Method 1. For each repeat, the 3 boiling tubes were set up in a test tube rack, each containing 4cm3 of 30% yeast solution and 4cm3 of the 15% sugars: glucose, fructose and lactose. 2. 5 drops of Janus Green solution was then added to the substrate, in order to indicate when the substrate would begin anaerobic respiration.
Yeast cells, just like all respiring cells, require energy in the form of ATP for cell division/growth. Because of the fact the experiment was carried out in aerobic conditions, yeast was able to respire using oxygen from the air to transfer the energy from carbohydrates to ATP and allow growth. The following equation summarizes the chemical changes that occur in cellular respiration (in the cytoplasm of the yeast cell) of the monosaccharide glucose when oxygen is available A crucial step of respiration in this experiment is glycolysis of the glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules which generate energy in the