P4- Explain the Physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. In this essay I am going to be explaining how energy is made in the body and two body systems that help to produce this energy. “The metabolic systems are responsible for the chemical reactions within the body. These reactions are involved in the maintenance of the living organism and may be involved in reactions that break compounds down catabolic reactions or reactions which build compounds up anabolic reactions”. (King R 2012) They all require energy to work.
Glucose is split into two molecules called pyruvate and two ATP molecules are generated per molecule of glucose as well as two molecules of NADH. Also Glucose takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen. Without oxygen it is called fermentation with oxygen it is the first stage of the cellular respiration. • What is the role of the citric acid cycle?
It is measured during a resting metabolic rate assessment or calorie point. When you measure how much oxygen is inhaled and how much carbon dioxide is exhaled, the amount of carbohydrates and fat being burned can be measured. Our bodies are only able to use fat as a major fuel source when it’s able to get O2 into the cells. A person’s resting or moderately active respiratory quotient should be 0.7 to 1.0. When we do intense workouts our ratio increases about 1.0, thus making our bodies work anaerobically (this means without O2).
How is energy produced? Aerobic respiration, during this a respiratory substances, glucose for example is split in the presence of oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. Many ATP molecules are produced which then release energy from the glucose. C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP Lactate is when glucose is converted during anaerobic respiration; the ATP yield will be low. C6 H12 O6 = 2C3 H6 O3 + 2ATP (lactate) This is a structure of ATP ATP contains sugar which is Ribose, a base which is Adenine and three phosphate groups.
3) How does digitalis slow the heart rate? Digitalis decreases the heart rate by reducing the number of electrical impulses that pass through the atrioventricular node into the lower heart chambers. Digitalis strengthens ventricular contractions so that
Acetyl-CoA is transported within the cell to the mitochondrion, a specialized organelle where acetyl-CoA converts into ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration is a more efficient process producing 38 molecules of ATP compared to the anaerobic process that produces 2 ATP molecules. This sequence of reactions also creates the by-products of water and carbon dioxide (CO2). The by-product carbon dioxide was the compound measured for this experiment. As carbon dioxide is released into the water through the respiration of the crayfish it is converted into carbonic acid shown below.
Describe how the storage of molecules is broken down and used to produce ATP. The process of ATP formation occurs when you inhale or exhale. In this cycle beta oxidation occurs causing fatty acids to be broken down into two carbons which forms
Both ATP and NADPH are responsible for the reduction of glycerate-3-phosphate into triose phosphate, which is converted into many useful organic compounds like carbohydrates, mainly glucose. Although glucose can be used as a direct energy source by plants, it cannot be used directly by animal cells as a source of energy. Instead, cells use ATP as their immediate source of energy. The conversion
Step3: Continue repeating this motion for each repetition. Step1: When beginning, bend down to a 1/4 squat position with your hands out in front of you and jump up Step2: Jump up into the air to a minimum of 8 to 10 inches. (You may jump 10 to 12 inches if this is too easy) When in the air, your hands should be back by your side. When you land, this completes 1 repetition. Step3: Same as step 1.
Metabolism III: Oxidative Cellular Respiration Introduction Oxidative cellular respiration is composed of series metabolic processes that convert broken down food molecules into usable energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). The process follows oxidation (catabolic) and reduction (anabolic) pathways. Processes involved are glycolysis, Krebs or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain. One step in the TCA cycle is the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of succinate to fumarate in a redox reaction. In intact cells succinate loses hydrogen ions and electrons to FAD to form fumarate.