The components of attitudes are the cognitive which helps people structure the world to make sense to them, the affective which helps people cope with emotional conflicts and the behavior helps people achieve rewards and gain approval from others. One way that attitudes can be formed is through the classical conditioning theory. Classical conditioning is “learning through association when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an emotional response” (Franzoi 2010,p.157). Classical Conditioning is the affective component of attitudes. An example of classical conditioning would be “the soft click of the switch that turns on a noisy bathroom fan would have little effect on your behavior.
Cue-dependent forgetting is the failure to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were present at the time the memory was encoded. It is one of five cognitive psychology theories of forgetting. It explains that a memory can be temporarily forgotten due to the fact it cannot be retrieved, but the proper cue can bring it back into our memories. Furthermore, a good retrieval cue must be consistent with the original encoding of the information. If the sound of the word is emphasized during the encoding process, the cue that should be used should also put emphasis on the phonetic quality of the word.
In Paul Saffo’s article on the “Six Rules for Effective Forecasting”, he talked about the correct way to forecast predicting. The six rules are as follows: Rule 1 is to define a cone of uncertainty. He talked about mapping a cone of uncertainty from particular moments or events that helps the decision maker exercise strategic judgment. Second rule is to look for the S curve. The most important developments typically follow the S-curve shape of a power law, meaning that things always start off slowly but then suddenly explodes and then it may eventually die off or even drop back down.
However, material that has been rehearsed in short-term memory is subsequently passed on to the long term memory. Arguments for: • HM sustained severe damage to long-term memory but kept a relatively normal short-term memory. If one memory system, but not the other one is damaged this suggest that they must be at least partly separate. This shows that in order to have long-term memory, the information needs to be rehearsed in order for it to transfer to this memory storage. • Peterson – Peterson study supports the theory because it shows that if rehearsal is prevented, the information is removed from the short-term memory in seconds.
The multi-store memory model consists of 3 types of memory. The first is the sensory memory, the second is the short term memory and the third is long term memory. When we see, feel or in any way notice something it goes into our sensory memory but only stays there for a few seconds. From there is either is lost through decay (the process whereby memory trace fades away with time, so that the memory is no longer available) or is passed on to the short term memory. Things go to your short term memory if you pay attention to them but they also need to be encoded.
This measurement will be in accordance to the manipulation of the acquisition trials, CS intensity, US intensity, and the CS-US interval. 4. Key Terms: Acquisition trials: Pairings of the CS and the US. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The neutral stimulus, that before conditioning does not naturally bring about the desired response. Unconditioned Stimulus (US): The stimulus that naturally evokes the desired response.
B.F. Skinner system was based on operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is utilizing the consequences to modify the occurrence and form of the behavior. During operant conditioning, the individual encounters reinforcement stimulus. The role of reinforcement stimulus is to increase and strengthen the behavior of the individual. Reinforcement can be done in two ways; they are positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement.
This is not like a punishment because punishments follow consequences good ones and bad ones. Positive reinforcement for a behavior that you want to happen again whenever you wanted to happen has for different schedules. The first one it called: the fixed interval this is just means that you receive the reinforcement after a certain time this does means that the behavior does have to continue so you can deliver the positive reinforcement again and the time between the reinforcement has to be
Describe the assumptions of the major theoretical orientations in psychology, i.e. Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Cognitive and Humanistic The purpose of this essay is to describe, explain and analyse the major psychological approaches and highlight their strengths and limitations. But what psychology is about? There are many ways to try answer the question. However, the most straightforward answer is that psychology is about understanding people; how they think, what they say and why they do what they do.
The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies for example the strategies reduce stress levels. However, some coping strategies can be considered maladaptive, for example stress levels increase. Maladaptive coping can thus be described, in effect, as non-coping. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, for example the coping response follows the stressor. This contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head off a future stressor.