Eventually the rat would cease pushing the lever. 4. Noncontingent reinforcement – – – – refers to delivery of reinforcing stimuli regardless of the organism's (aberrant) behavior. The idea is that the target behavior decreases because it is no longer necessary to receive the reinforcement. This typically entails time-based delivery of stimuli identified as maintaining aberrant behavior, which serves to decrease the rate of the target behavior.
His experiment showed that information decays within a few seconds if rehearsal is prevented. He gave his participants a list of words to remember, He found that their recall dropped from 80% after 3 seconds to 20% after 18 seconds. This research supports decay because information disappeared when the rehearsal was prevented. However this task lacks mundane realism because it does not relate to the real world. Also it may be possible that the information didn’t decay but displaced by the numbers that were being used to count down.
The reward/need satisfaction theory of relationship proposed by Byrne & Clore (1970) asserts that if a relationship is seen to offer the prospect of reward (for either party), it is more likely to form – if there is little or no perceived reward, the relationship does not form. Their model is based on the behaviourist principles of operant and classical conditioning. According to the former, behaviour that results in a beneficial outcome makes repetition of this behaviour more likely, whereas if the outcome is undesirable, the behaviour is less likely to be repeated or continued. A relationship that brings perceived advantages is a case of positive reinforcement but the relationship can also be characterised by negative reinforcement if the
Primary reinforcement fulfills the need of the behavior, “A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it is called an unconditioned reinforce. (Some author’s use the terms primary reinforce and unlearned reinforce as synonyms for unconditioned reinforcers),” (Cooper, Heron, & Heward (2007), pg 269). The Secondary reinforcement is related to the need of the behavior, “A conditioned reinforce (sometimes called a secondary reinforcer or learned reinforcer) is a previously neutral stimulus change that has acquired the capability to function as a reinforcer through stimulus-stimulus pairing with one or more unconditioned reinforcers or conditioned reinforcers,” (Cooper, Heron, & Heward (2007), pg 269). How the concepts of primary and secondary reinforcement work in behavior chaining is by how it all is connected to positive reinforcement. For an example say that I go to take a pot off of the stove that is bubbling over because I heard it bubbling over (secondary), I take the pot off of the stove and move it before it makes a big mess and get burned (primary).
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Running head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical Conditioning January 29, 2011 Abstract Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a behavioral modification process in which a subject learns to respond in a particular manner to a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) repeatedly paired with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that induces a response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus produces the same response (the conditioned response) without the initial neutral stimulus present (Terry, 2009, p. 52). A recognized classical conditioning experiment, performed by Russian born physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, is Pavlov’s salivary experiment performed on dogs. The experiment demonstrates how a neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), repeatedly paired with a stimulus (food (US)), induces a response (salivating (UR)), until the neutral stimulus (bell ringing (CS)), produces the same response (salivating (CR)), without the presence of the initial stimulus (food (US)) (Cherry, 2012). The factors (bell ringing, presence of food) of Pavlov’s experiment are just two factors in the classical conditioning response. Conventional classical conditioning response theory embraces the principles that the origin of the neutral stimulus is unimportant.
An experimental study of a variation of the Stroop Effect: the interaction of an automatic and controlled process and attentional processes on a colour identification task. Abstract Theories suggest that selective attention allows for only one channel of input to be semantically analysed, whilst other information is discarded. It has been stated that much of this is unconscious and automatic; and that these over learned, automatic processes can intrude on a colour identification task. This was examined in a variation of the Stroop Effect test [you need to briefly state what was actually done in the study] and results showed that ink colour identification was slower for a list of colour names than when neutral words were used. This supports that the unconscious semantic processing of words on an unattended channel was intruding upon a task of naming ink colours.
| What are the three principles of operant conditioning and explain them? Shaping- An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior (Reinforcements =guide to desired behavior) Positive Reinforcements- Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative Reinforcements- Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response ( negative reinforcements are not punishments) Punishment- an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. The conditioned response is the learned response from the conditioned stimulus. All of these components are used throughout every case of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first used by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov experimented classical conditioning by experimenting with dogs.
Whereas Operant conditioning was first described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist and it involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behaviour and focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviour. Ivan Pavlov provided the most famous example of classical conditioning. During his research on the physiology of digestion in dogs, Pavlov developed a procedure that enabled him to study the digestive processes of animals over long periods of time. He redirected the animal’s digestive fluids outside the body, where they could be measured. Pavlov noticed that the dogs in the experiment began to salivate in the presence of the technician who