An unconscious person mind is thought to still have drives, urges and instincts that we cannot control unless we are conscious. The unconscious mind is thought to motivate our words, actions and feelings without us knowing or understanding what we sometimes say, act or feel. Some psychologists think that dream, forgetfulness and a slip-of-the-tongue are explained by our unconsciousness. A preconscious mind can suppress some thoughts or behaviors but can recall the functions rapidly and become conscious thoughts and behavior. Some thoughts and behaviors may cause a person some discomfort and are suppressed into the unconscious as not to cause anxious feels when they are recalled to the conscious mind.
Declarative memory is a memory for specific information or facts, which can be sub-divided into Semantic storage for language and general knowledge. This is the kind of memory that is tested in experimental work. The other sub-division is Episodic which is storage for personal events and people. This memory may not be reliable because of memory distortions. In 2000 Schachter et al.
Structural and phonemic processing are two forms of shallow processing and sematic processing is a type of deep processing. Structural refers to how the words or letters look, phonemic refers to how the word sounds and sematic refers to giving words a meaning or linking the word to something memorable. There are two types of rehearsal that were proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) which are elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal. Maintenance rehearsal involves repetition of a memory in order to remember it. This type of rehearsal doesn’t make the memory stronger or more durable though.
A memory of something bad that we saw can cause us to do things different so it does not happen again. Our ears are used to recall sounds from memories. The pleasant sound of whistling a tune can bring a smile. The unpleasant sound of nails on a chalkboard could cause someone to cover their ears. Our skin is used to recall memories of the way things felt.
Information might be forgotten if it is not rehearsed to remain in our LTM or if we are distracted by new information which pushes out the information already in our STM. LEARNING ACTIVITY 6.11 1. Chunking is the grouping or packaging of separate bits of information into a larger single unit or ‘chunk’ of information. 2. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that the information can be retained in STM.
Types of Memory There are actually two basic kinds of learning and memory. One is declarative or explicit; the other is non-declarative or implicit. Knowledge of facts–what we know about places, things and people–and the meaning of these facts is explicit memory. These things must be recalled into consciousness to be used. Patients who have bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions have an inability to learn and remember items of factual knowledge.
Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory suggests that recall of information is subject to the personal interpretation which is dependent on one’s cultural norms and values. Bartlett’s theory therefore shows that memory is not necessarily reliable as information could not be retrieved the same way it was encoded. In other words, schemas enable us to store the central meaning or gist of new information without necessarily remembering the precise details (Hill, G. 2001). Bartlett (1932) also suggested that memories are influenced by schemas as people organize and store information in a way that makes sense to them. Therefore, schemas are able to distort unfamiliar information in order to fit it to with the existing knowledge and expectations hence, resulting in unreliable
Where the information is detected initially by the senses and then enters the sensory memory. Below is an example of what Atkinson and Shiffrin first model looked like Information is detected by the sense organs from the environment and enters the sensory memory. If attention is paid to the input or the information that is being received, only then does it enter the short term memory (STM). Information from the STM is transferred to the long-term memory only if that information is rehearsed. If rehearsal does not occur, then information is forgotten.
If you didn’t consciously perceive “secret messages” but you did perceive them subconsciously, then they would be called subliminal. The word “subliminal” literally means “existing or operating below the threshold of consciousness” (Dictionary). The threshold is the level at which you are aware of stimuli, so if something is below the threshold, or subliminal, you are not consciously aware of it. Thus, we might be receiving subliminal messages without knowing it. I have research to show the psychology behind subliminal messages, as well as, how people see or hear subliminal messages constantly.
If we judge and label someone by appearance, we probably can’t learn special characteristics about someone because we don’t know about their belief and personality in appearance. Some people just hide their emotion and seldom express themselves by a verbal communication. Therefore, the “Squiggling game” is a good form of communication to allow us to know someone without judgment more. 250 words Additional material: Gordon Allport Prejudice jeopardizes to learn special characteristics about someone. As a result, we should find different ways to reduce prejudice.