Since most of the dreams are expressed as unconscious thoughts and desires and others are not aware of unconscious thoughts during daily process. In the article, it has mentioned about Mikulincer, Shaver, and Avihou-Kanza as those who discovered that dreamers, who have different attachment style, will have different approach to dreams. People whom are constantly having anxiety or depression will have greater opportunities of having apprehensive and
There are different theories established by psychologists, which explain where personality originates. The highly important individual who played a role in the psychoanalysis theory was Sigmund Freud. Freud believed an individual’s personality was influenced by the unconscious, which there is no way to control. He based understanding of personality on analysis of patient’s dreams as well as his own dreams. Adler theorized that personality was motivated by the influence of society and fighting for triumph.
One lens to view Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is the psychoanalytic lens. This perspective, influenced greatly from the works and thinking of Sigmund Freud, stems from the idea that much of our desires, fears, and motives come from our unconscious. He postulated that most of these desires are repressed by the consciousness to reduce anxiety and dissonance, and emerge only in the disguised forms of dreams, language, and art. One of the most commonly repressed feelings, which Freud called the Oedipal complex, is the boy’s psychosexual desires towards his mother and his jealousy towards his father. According to Freud, the boy must identify with his father in order to resolve the “oedipal crisis” and develop into an adult with a healthy identity.
“Dreams were a way of releasing the mind from the constraints of everyday experience and bringing to the surface those dark visions reason had submerged” this dreams’ definition, was written in the book Culture and Values a Survey of the Humanities, explains for us why our dreams are always strange. This is because of the reflection of our mind, of what we constraint in the day and these things release in our dream but in dark vision that we ever dare to do it in real life. Back to The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters of Francisco Goya, we can see very clearly the painful dream of the student in the painting within the darkness of the monsters, in the form of the owls and bats. The reason of the student’s dream may come from the books that the students sleep on. As we see, the tiredness comes from the heavy of knowledge without the passion and love of human.
Another theme with Freud’s work concerned the unconscious mind, the part of our mind we are not aware of. He believed that the unconscious contain unresolved conflicts and has a powerful effect on our behaviour and experience. He argued that these conflicts will show themselves in our dreams and fantasies, and that threatening conflicts can appear in disguised forms, in the shape of symbols. Freud advanced a theory of personality development that centred on the effects of the sexual pleasure drive on the individual psyche. He argued that there are particular points in the development process, arguing that a single body part is particularly sensitive to sexual, erotic stimulation.
Each man had their own personal theory about the unconscious mind. To understand the differences lets discuss, “One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O.” (Hurst, 1982) “Freud’s greatest contribution to personality theory is his exploration of the unconscious and his insistence that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness.” (Feist, 2009) Freud takes this further by dividing the unconscious into the unconscious and the preconscious. “The unconscious contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions.” (Feist, 2009) This notion was explained as one that dreams, slips of the tongue and forgetting were projected from the unconscious mind. Freud model of mental life was the conscious (ego), preconscious (superego) and the unconscious (id). Considering Freud’s theory it appears that Anna O. had a past which was stored deep into the unconscious that was affecting the mental and physical part of her life.
Sigmund Freud asserted at his seventieth birthday celebrations “The poets and philosophers before me discovered the unconscious. What I have discovered is the scientific method by which the unconscious can be studied”. (Macintyre, 2004, page 64) Probably the most famous psychologist known to man, Sigmund Freud founded the psychodynamic approach to psychology known as psychoanalysis. His theories were psychoanalytic but the term ‘psychodynamic’ refers to both his theories and those of his followers. He believed that there must be some relationship between the mind and the body.
Psychodynamic Approach Sigmund Freud is the founder of the psychodynamic approach. This approach focuses on the unconscious mind to explain behaviour, and also to treat people suffering from mental illness. This approach also looks into our behaviour and feelings as adults, as our childhood experiences and Interpol relationships can explain this. Freud believes that what drives our behaviour is conflict that arises between three parts of our psych, the id, superego and the ego. The three personalities of the psych are usually out of sync with each other.
In The Myth of Mental Illness, Szasz argues that mental illnesses do not exist. However, he does say that the occurrences that are placed under this label are real. Szasz is concerned with the label given to them and how it affects the way in which these occurrences are dealt with. After reading his essay, I tend to agree with this concept that Szasz presents. A myth is unconsciously created by and believed by many people and is usually told to explain an occurrence.
The controversy with sleep paralysis is that many people suggest that it is a medical condition, but others believe is supernatural because they feel a demon choking the victim or sitting on the victim’s chest (Archetypal Mind). Another example, lucid dreaming is a realization that one is dreaming during dream and the individual is able to manipulate the dream to produce better outcomes. It also has controversial because it is described as a natural phenomenon or as tampering with the occult (OBE’s and LD’s). The three experiences have something in common in which individuals are asleep when they experience out of body. The only exception is that out of body experiences is the only way where one is able to view their dormant body and the world around them.