Discuss biological explanations for depression (24marks) One of the most popular explanations of depression is genetics; this theory states that genes are to blame for the presence of depression. It also argues that depression, like many other illnesses, is an inherited one which runs in families. McGuffin et al (1996) conducted research on concordance rates using 177 identical and fraternal twins. They found that the concordance rate was 46% for identical twins, but only 20% for fraternal twins; these findings are significant as the concordance rate for identical twins is over double of that for fraternal twins. These findings support the biological explanation as it suggests that depression has a genetic factor.
CBT 2 Abstract Objective: Childhood psychic trauma affects several areas of the brain which in relation causes behavioral problems. Traumatized children who are victims of physical or sexual abuse, neglect or other traumatic event is generally evaluated and supervised by therapist who provides trauma focused treatment. I will be providing information on realistic strategies used for managing dysfunctional emotions and behavior problems which is broken down by the trauma focused evidence base treatment also referred to as (EBT) used for children who are highly distress. Methods: Cognitive therapy looks to help children defeat difficulties. Treatment planning includes a balance of both trauma and behavioral focal point, working on ongoing behavioral problems and behavioral crises, modify distorted thinking so that families could have the knowledge to transfer, and children can learn how to talk through their experiences.
The first explanation of phobias is the genetic explanation, which argues that phobias are hereditary. Most if the family studies conducted by researchers have found that relatives of those with phobias are more likely to suffer phobias themselves compared with relatives of non-phobic controls. A twin study by Slater and Shields 1969 found 41% concordance in 17MZ twin pairs versus 4% in 28 DZ twin pairs for any type of anxiety disorder. However even though studies have proven to support the genetic problems there are a number of difficulties with family studies. The main problem is that in most cases family members share the same environment so it can be argued that it was the environment that caused them to equally learn the behaviour instead of the genetic relationship.
Research Question: How effective is Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in treating adolescents/young adults who engage in self-harm? (put in importance of evidence based practice) “Risk of suicide attempt, suicidal ideation and deliberate self-harm is high among young people” (Robinson et al, 2011:3). Thus the objective of this assignment is to determine the validity of the chosen quantitative study that considers the effectiveness of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (here in after referred to as CBT) in the treatment of self-harm among adolescents/young people. During my previous PLO I worked within mental health. Numerous professionals within the team are trained in CBT, and use CBT to treat a wide range of issues including self-harm; this is where my interest derives.
The risk is highest for an identical twin of a person with schizophrenia. He or she has a 40 to 65 percent chance of developing the disorder (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, 2009). It’s been proven that schizophrenia does run in families. However, the fact that there are multiple causes for schizophrenia including outside factors such as environmental causes proves the point further that no test screening is ever completely and entirely accurate. For example, just because a person gets the screening, and it comes back negative, doesn’t mean they may not develop schizophrenia later on in life.
Gershon et al. (1989) research supports this view. In his research, Gershon found that there was a concordance rate (the proportion of pairs where both individuals share a certain characteristic) between family members and the risk of developing depression; he concluded that the more genes individuals share, the more likely they are at developing depression. However, this piece of research could be argued against as it claims that identical (MZ) twins only have a 55% chance of inheriting depression. However, if MZ twins share 100% of their genes, then they should both have 100% chance of developing depression, but according to this research, that is not the case; this research may also suggest that genetics are not the main factor in developing depression.
Studies of families researched by Weissman found that those with a first degree relative suffering depression, are ten times more likely to develop depression themselves, suggesting such illness could ‘run in the family’ or have a genetic cause. However a behavioural approach would refute this idea and suggest that this is due to a shared environment of the family, who also share the same life events which could trigger the depression. Furthermore, they may suggest
Adoption studies go one step further in narrowing down a strong correlational link by ruling out the effect of environment on development of schizophrenia to illustrate the genetic link more clearly. They do this by comparing adopted children to their biological parents to determine links with schizophrenia. Kendler found that first degree relatives of individuals with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk of developing the condition as the general population. Illustrating the genetic predisposition within families who share genes, strongly supporting the genetic explanation as there is such a high concordance rate. However this study can be criticised because of its retrospective analysis after the disorder had developed, thus it may be more conclusive if a prospective study was conducted to show the ‘before and after’ effects within families.
Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Your Name Course Information Professor May 2013 Depression and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy i Abstract Depression is a common psychological problem that has both physical and mental symptoms. “Some authorities have estimated that at least 12% of the population have had or will have an episode of depression of sufficient clinical severity to warrant treatment” (Beck, 1979). Some of the features of depression include negative thought processes and loss of concentration or memory. Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) has emerged as one of the most promising treatments for the problem of depression. CBT has many advantages in treating depression, such as helping patients recognize and address negative thoughts.
12/19/2011 Journal Article Review Family Functioning in Bipolar I Disorder Introduction: The topic of this article is whether or not global family functioning was associated with the presence of a corresponding bipolar episode as well as whether global family functioning was associated with the presence of manic and depressive episodes in the 3 months of the study. I chose this article out of curiosity. I suffer from bipolar II so this has given the chance to really research the disorder and to understand the different parts of it. Summary: Research has shown that aspects of family functioning, particularly expressed emotion and negative family affective style, can predict a poorer course of illness and an increased risk of relapse