E.g. of antibiotic is Vancomycin. Inhibit nucleic acid metabolism: blocks the recycling of the lipid carrier molecule needed to transport the peptidoglycans in the bacteria. E.g. of antibiotic Bacitracin (Reference for all the answers to question 3 = and ) 4.
• This cell death is what gives tissue the spongy like appearance known as BSE. Prions • A prion is an infectious protein. It comes in two forms, harmless and harmful. • The harmful prion in BSE is called PrPSc. • The harmless prion or normal protein is called PrPC.
– Antigen ( ANTIbody-GENerating substance – It may be part of a pathogen or even a toxic molecule – E.G. – The glyco-protein spikes on the surface of the influenza virus act as antigens, triggering the immune response. The venom of poisonous snakes also contains antigens. • Explain why organ transplants trigger an immune response: – All an individual’s cells are recognised by the immune system as belonging to the body – the body recognises it as ‘self’ – Any other substances are recognised as ‘non-self’ – foreign. – A transplanted organ contains substances which the immune system recognises as being foreign.
What is Lupus? Bios-260 What is lupus you ask? Well, Systemic lupus erthematosus, also known as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune system disease that can affect pretty much any organ of the body. Lupus affects the body’s immune system by pretty much confusing it. The Immune system normally functions to protect against foreign invaders by sending out certain cells that attack and destroy the ailment affecting your body, like an infection or a cold.
To be pathogenic, a parasite must invade the host, resist internal defenses long enough to begin growing, then harm the host in some way. Pathogenic prokaryotes cause about half of all human diseases. Opportunistic pathogens
The causative agent of the Bubonic Plague is a gram-negative coccobacilli shaped bacteria, Yersinia pestis. Yersinia pestis belongs to the family of enterobacteria and is a facultative anaerobe. Metabolism of Yersinia pestis is fermentative, and produces a thick capsule, which prevents the ability of white blood cells to ward of the infection of Yersinia pestis. There are three known diseases that are caused by Yersinia pestis; Bubonic, Septemic, and Pneumonic Plague. Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is transmitted from small rodents and their fleas to
Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is NOT a specific defense mechanism associated with the respiratory tract? a. Epiglottis b. Mucus c. Mucociliary escalator d. Phagocytes e. All of the above 2. To cause disease, Corynebacterium diptheriae must a. produce a hemolysin. b. create a pseudomembrance.
People with type B blood however have B antigens and anti-A antibodies. When the type A person receives a transfusion from the type B person, the anti-B antibodies will attack the incoming B antigen laced blood cells, marking it for removal by the rest of the immune system. If an Rh− person receives mismatched blood that is, Rh+, shortly after the transfusion his or her immune system becomes sensitized and begins producing antibodies anti-Rh+ antibodies against the foreign blood
Bioterror Worksheet 1. Ebola, Marburg, and smallpox were discussed in addition to anthrax. 2. Anthrax is a bacterial infection that has been transformed into a biological weapon. This microbe can enter the body in three ways.
Apyrase catalyses the conversion of ADP (adenosine diphosphate), the platelet-aggregating factor, into a non-active form AMP (adenosine monophosphate) [24,25,34]. Interestingly, the amount of apyrase injected into the host skin by the mosquito directly determines its feeding time. Apyrase also removes ATP, the pain-inducing substance, from the biting site and support the bold feeding behavior in many insects [35]. Studies also found that an A. stephensi protein inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation and termed as anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP) [36]. Mosquitoes like other insects also produce salivary molecules that downregulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ to avoid immune reactions produced in the vertebrate host [21,37,38].