Background – Rose In the early 1996, a new variant of Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD) was diagnosed in Britain. This disease affects the human brain. Scientist linked this disease to the consumption of beef infected with Mad Cow Disease. This disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in cattle that causes a spongy degeneration in the brain and spinal cord. During this time, the beef industry was under great scrutiny from the media and consumers about how it conducted its everyday business.
What is it? 4. Scientists suspect that the humans infected during this outbreak acquired the disease from eating meat from diseased animals. Even when meat is well cooked, it transmits the infection. What does this say about the infectious agent?
TSE’s are rare brain diseases where abnormal proteins accumulate in the brain of the infected being. Science doesn't really know what actually causes these proteins to go haywire, but this is what they believe happens in Mad Cow Disease. What happens is the prions, or abnormal proteins, build up in the central nervous system tissues of the cow, for example, the brain, spinal cord, and retinas. The abnormal proteins in the brain cells result in altered functions of the cow and the death of the central nervous system cells, which kill the cow (www.bseinfo.org). To make things more complicated the lethal dose is unknown.
Like the plasma membrane, the tonoplast is made up of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and steroids (Lin et al., 2008). This composition is known by biologists as the fluid mosaic model (Campbell Biology, 2011). Due to the close relation between these membranes, factors causing the deterioration of one membrane will likely affect the other equally. The plasma membrane, being more external, will receive the brunt of the impact but once it is degraded the tonoplast will likely suffer similar damage. If the tonoplast and plasma membrane are damaged the contents of the vacuole (Betacyanin in particular) will be released from the
When these proteins cluster together in the brain they cause brain cells to die. When these cells die they leave holes in the brain called spongiosis. The damage to the brain causes neurological difficulties and dementia.Biswanger’s
The pancreatic duct in people who have cystic fibrosis frequently becomes blocked, reducing or preventing the release of pancreatic enzyme into the small intestine One enzyme can be used as many times over. There are two types of enzyme reaction; the first is 'Anabolic' reaction- this is when large molecules are built up from smaller molecules. The second type of reaction is called 'Catabolic' reaction- this is when large molecules are broken down into smaller ones. enzymes are highly selective, catalysing one specific reaction only. This specificity is due to the protein tertiary structure which creates the specific shape of an enzyme molecule * Digested food molecules are absorbed through the small intestine (into our blood) * Once in the blood, the digested food molecules are carried around the body, to where they are needed * Only small, soluble molecules can pass through the wall of the small intestine * The inside wall of the small intestine needs to be thin, with a really big surface area * This allows absorption to happen quickly and efficiently (so we absorb as much food as possible) * To get a big surface area, the inside wall of the small intestine is lined with tiny
When the organ in our body is deprived of oxygenated blood that organ or part of it will die. This is exactly what happens in vascular dementia. The conditions which can cause these problems are preventable and include diabetes, heart problems, high blood pressure and cholesterol. Rarer forms of dementia are: • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease known as CJD is caused by prion disease. Prions are proteins in body and when these protein cluster together in the brain they cause brain cells to die
Lack of tissue oxygenation causes unbearable pain, damage to the body organs and could cause even death. Sickle cell Disease (SCD) is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells, especially when the cells are exposed to low oxygen levels.
Another effect of Alzheimer’s is the formation of what is called “tangles”. Tangles are the collapsed protein’s that wraps around dying cells. The development of the disease destroys cell transportation made up of a type of protein called tau. Tau protein collapses, forming the tangles, preventing nutrients from exchanging through the cell transportation causing brain cell
The levels of fructose-1-phosphate will become toxic in the body, which will create many problems. This is called Hereditary fructose intolerance. The problems that many can face with this include, low energy, hypoglycemia, and eventually cellular death. A3a. Diagrams of Lock and Key Model A3b.